Table 3 Test results: brand attachment...

Table 3

Test results: brand attachment and its impact on restaurant brand loyalty

Independent variables	Hs	Brand passion		Brand love		Brand pride		Brand loyalty
Independent variables	Hs	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value
Identity-based attachment
Brand identification	H1	0.38	10.29***	0.17	4.78***	0.1	2.21*	0.21	5.70***
Self-image expression	H2	0.16	3.65***	0.21	4.81***	0.25	4.71***	−0.08	−2.03*
Place dependence attachment
Sense of natural environment	H3	0.10	2.24*	0.45	10.86***	0.32	6.32***	0.06	0.19
Layout	H4	0.29	5.70***	0.11	2.26*	0.15	2.44*	−0.29	−6.03***
Emotion-based attachment
Brand passion	H5a							0.39	9.40***
Brand love	H5b							0.56	10.43***
Brand pride	H5c							0.04	0.97
Indirect effects (Boostrapping)
Brand identification – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6a							0.26	***
Self-image expression – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6b							0.19	***
Sense of natural environment – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6c							0.3	***
Layout – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6d							0.18	***
Control variables
Gender								−0.04	−2.08*
Educational level								−0.02	−0.76
Average spending monthly								0.03	1.44
Number of times in a month								−0.02	−0.96
Age								−0.01	−0.62

Independent variables	Hs	Brand passion		Brand love		Brand pride		Brand loyalty
Independent variables	Hs	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value	Coeff	t value
Identity-based attachment
Brand identification	H1	0.38	10.29***	0.17	4.78***	0.1	2.21*	0.21	5.70***
Self-image expression	H2	0.16	3.65***	0.21	4.81***	0.25	4.71***	−0.08	−2.03*
Place dependence attachment
Sense of natural environment	H3	0.10	2.24*	0.45	10.86***	0.32	6.32***	0.06	0.19
Layout	H4	0.29	5.70***	0.11	2.26*	0.15	2.44*	−0.29	−6.03***
Emotion-based attachment
Brand passion	H5a							0.39	9.40***
Brand love	H5b							0.56	10.43***
Brand pride	H5c							0.04	0.97
Indirect effects (Boostrapping)
Brand identification – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6a							0.26	***
Self-image expression – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6b							0.19	***
Sense of natural environment – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6c							0.3	***
Layout – emotion-based attachment–brand loyalty	H6d							0.18	***
Control variables
Gender								−0.04	−2.08*
Educational level								−0.02	−0.76
Average spending monthly								0.03	1.44
Number of times in a month								−0.02	−0.96
Age								−0.01	−0.62

Note(s): Standardized coefficients are report

Two-tailed tests are used

*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001

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