Table 2 Sense of safety, national...

Table 2

Sense of safety, national culture characteristics and trustworthiness items of migrant visitors

Constructs	British N = 70	Indian N = 83	Chinese N = 87	American N = 47	German N = 19	Loading	AVE	Reliability	CR
Power distance	4.57	4.65	4.55	4.77	4.66		0.80		0.93
I follow safety rules and regulations at destination	4.54	4.57	4.63	4.74	4.63	0.85		0.94
I prefer less safety rules and regulations at destination	4.56	4.69	4.61	4.87	4.74	0.84		0.93
I participant more in safety activities at destination (e.g. eating hygienic food	4.57	4.61	4.47	4.68	4.68	0.83		0.93
I prefer visiting safety destinations in Ghana	4.60	4.72	4.48	4.79	4.58	0.67		0.94
Uncertainty avoidance	4.09	4.20	3.97	4.14	4.14		0.80		0.93
I prefer to visit new tourist site that are safe	3.34	3.55	3.51	3.57	3.79	0.82		0.96
I prefer no problem to visit unfamiliar destination®	4.61	4.81	4.49	4.66	4.63	0.82		0.93
I have no desire to visit far destination	3.87	3.93	3.47	3.77	3.74	0.78		0.94
I have the desire to use unsafe facilities®	4.54	4.52	4.41	4.57	4.42	0.77		0.93
Tourism environment (Pubic safety)	3.58	3.74	3.58	3.69	3.91		0.75		0.95
I prefer visiting a site where is written safety and security policies displace	4.33	4.63	4.34	4.66	4.32	0.91		0.94
I prefer visiting a site with CCTV cameras	4.43	4.63	4.40	4.53	4.63	0.86		0.93
I prefer a site that have tourist safety and security desk	3.49	3.54	3.61	3.79	3.95	0.87		0.96
A site where there is less likely to experience property theft	2.29	2.31	2.84	2.26	2.63	0.85		0.95
A site devoid of physical attack	3.34	3.51	3.36	3.51	3.95	0.73		0.94
A site devoid of kidnapping	3.44	3.69	3.61	3.32	4.05	0.72		0.96
A site devoid of brandishing guns or knives	3.76	3.72	3.52	3.68	3.84	0.67		0.92
A site devoid of crowds at destinations	3.30	3.61	3.09	3.57	3.74	0.65		0.92
I am concerned that environmental pollution in the tourist destination is serious	3.87	4.01	3.46	3.87	4.05	0.51		0.91
Tourism facilities and services	3.32	3.31	3.19	3.59	3.63		0.68		0.81
I worry about food safety when buying	3.83	3.96	3.41	3.94	3.89	0.76		0.91
I am worried about the safety of accommodations when staying locally	3.59	3.47	3.23	3.60	3.63	0.72		0.91
I am worried about safety and afraid of getting in an accident when travelling by car	2.56	2.49	2.92	3.23	3.37	0.56		0.98
Safety information	4.02	4.25	4.01	4.01	4.17		0.68		0.85
I am concerned about safety information in the tourist destination	4.07	4.31	4.15	4.11	4.42	0.75		0.93
I pay attention to views on safety incidents from the people around me	4.24	4.27	4.31	4.26	4.21	0.74		0.96
I am focussed on expert's evaluations of tourism safety events	4.14	4.33	3.87	3.96	4.00	0.66		0.93
I pay attention to media coverage of safety tourism incidents	3.63	4.08	3.72	3.70	4.05	0.56		0.94
Trustworthiness of tourism information	3.68	3.68	3.48	3.85	3.88		0.77		0.94
I trust the recommendation of visitors' vacation experience on Ghana tourism websites (e.g. visitghana.com, ghanatravel.com, lonelyplanet.com, touringghana.com etc.)	3.83	3.63	3.45	3.64	4.00	0.86		0.92
I trust the recommendation of visitors about Ghana's tourism on foreign tourism websites (e.g. tripadvisor.com)	3.70	3.75	3.47	4.09	4.11	0.85		0.90
Tourism websites is more reliable as compared to traditional media such as newspaper, TV, radio, etc.	2.76	2.90	2.89	3.30	3.11	0.79		0.97
Information from tourism sites is timely	3.33	3.36	3.16	3.57	3.42	0.77		0.93
Tourism website information is more influential than the traditional media in my final travel decision	3.79	3.72	3.41	4.02	3.95	0.76		0.90
There are fake positive or negative comments from deliberate manipulation of online reviews on website media	4.67	4.72	4.47	4.49	4.68	0.61		0.94

Constructs	British N = 70	Indian N = 83	Chinese N = 87	American N = 47	German N = 19	Loading	AVE	Reliability	CR
Power distance	4.57	4.65	4.55	4.77	4.66		0.80		0.93
I follow safety rules and regulations at destination	4.54	4.57	4.63	4.74	4.63	0.85		0.94
I prefer less safety rules and regulations at destination	4.56	4.69	4.61	4.87	4.74	0.84		0.93
I participant more in safety activities at destination (e.g. eating hygienic food	4.57	4.61	4.47	4.68	4.68	0.83		0.93
I prefer visiting safety destinations in Ghana	4.60	4.72	4.48	4.79	4.58	0.67		0.94
Uncertainty avoidance	4.09	4.20	3.97	4.14	4.14		0.80		0.93
I prefer to visit new tourist site that are safe	3.34	3.55	3.51	3.57	3.79	0.82		0.96
I prefer no problem to visit unfamiliar destination®	4.61	4.81	4.49	4.66	4.63	0.82		0.93
I have no desire to visit far destination	3.87	3.93	3.47	3.77	3.74	0.78		0.94
I have the desire to use unsafe facilities®	4.54	4.52	4.41	4.57	4.42	0.77		0.93
Tourism environment (Pubic safety)	3.58	3.74	3.58	3.69	3.91		0.75		0.95
I prefer visiting a site where is written safety and security policies displace	4.33	4.63	4.34	4.66	4.32	0.91		0.94
I prefer visiting a site with CCTV cameras	4.43	4.63	4.40	4.53	4.63	0.86		0.93
I prefer a site that have tourist safety and security desk	3.49	3.54	3.61	3.79	3.95	0.87		0.96
A site where there is less likely to experience property theft	2.29	2.31	2.84	2.26	2.63	0.85		0.95
A site devoid of physical attack	3.34	3.51	3.36	3.51	3.95	0.73		0.94
A site devoid of kidnapping	3.44	3.69	3.61	3.32	4.05	0.72		0.96
A site devoid of brandishing guns or knives	3.76	3.72	3.52	3.68	3.84	0.67		0.92
A site devoid of crowds at destinations	3.30	3.61	3.09	3.57	3.74	0.65		0.92
I am concerned that environmental pollution in the tourist destination is serious	3.87	4.01	3.46	3.87	4.05	0.51		0.91
Tourism facilities and services	3.32	3.31	3.19	3.59	3.63		0.68		0.81
I worry about food safety when buying	3.83	3.96	3.41	3.94	3.89	0.76		0.91
I am worried about the safety of accommodations when staying locally	3.59	3.47	3.23	3.60	3.63	0.72		0.91
I am worried about safety and afraid of getting in an accident when travelling by car	2.56	2.49	2.92	3.23	3.37	0.56		0.98
Safety information	4.02	4.25	4.01	4.01	4.17		0.68		0.85
I am concerned about safety information in the tourist destination	4.07	4.31	4.15	4.11	4.42	0.75		0.93
I pay attention to views on safety incidents from the people around me	4.24	4.27	4.31	4.26	4.21	0.74		0.96
I am focussed on expert's evaluations of tourism safety events	4.14	4.33	3.87	3.96	4.00	0.66		0.93
I pay attention to media coverage of safety tourism incidents	3.63	4.08	3.72	3.70	4.05	0.56		0.94
Trustworthiness of tourism information	3.68	3.68	3.48	3.85	3.88		0.77		0.94
I trust the recommendation of visitors' vacation experience on Ghana tourism websites (e.g. visitghana.com, ghanatravel.com, lonelyplanet.com, touringghana.com etc.)	3.83	3.63	3.45	3.64	4.00	0.86		0.92
I trust the recommendation of visitors about Ghana's tourism on foreign tourism websites (e.g. tripadvisor.com)	3.70	3.75	3.47	4.09	4.11	0.85		0.90
Tourism websites is more reliable as compared to traditional media such as newspaper, TV, radio, etc.	2.76	2.90	2.89	3.30	3.11	0.79		0.97
Information from tourism sites is timely	3.33	3.36	3.16	3.57	3.42	0.77		0.93
Tourism website information is more influential than the traditional media in my final travel decision	3.79	3.72	3.41	4.02	3.95	0.76		0.90
There are fake positive or negative comments from deliberate manipulation of online reviews on website media	4.67	4.72	4.47	4.49	4.68	0.61		0.94

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