Table 1 A summary of suggested benefits... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

A summary of suggested benefits and limitations of participatory modelling in water management from the literature

	Potential benefits	Potential challenges
Process legitimacy	Building trust, ownership and consensus	Used to legitimise top-down exercises
Process legitimacy	Legitimacy and support for decisions	Biases of those involved come to fore
Local knowledge and collaborative learning	Engages tacit and situated knowledge (Maskrey et al., 2016)	Limits to the value of local knowledge/romanticisation of participation as a panacea (Haughton et al., 2015)
	Broadens menu of flood response options (social and behavioural as well physical and engineered interventions) (Maskrey et al., 2016)	Conceptual and numerical simplification required (Maskrey et al., 2016)
	Co-production of new knowledge; social and shared learning (Evers et al., 2012; Hare, 2011; Voinov and Bousquet, 2010)	Focus on producing agreement and better solutions rather than new knowledge (Landström, 2011)
Negotiation	Opens channels of communication/fosters consensus among competing organisations (Hare, 2011; Loucks et al., 2005)	Risk reproduction of social relations that create risk and vulnerability (Frick-Trzebitzky, 2018)
Negotiation		Larger planning processes cannot incorporate all stakeholders (Maskrey et al., 2016)
Value for money	Leads to more sustainable solutions in the long term	Costly and time consuming

	Potential benefits	Potential challenges
Process legitimacy	Building trust, ownership and consensus	Used to legitimise top-down exercises
Process legitimacy	Legitimacy and support for decisions	Biases of those involved come to fore
Local knowledge and collaborative learning	Engages tacit and situated knowledge (Maskrey et al., 2016)	Limits to the value of local knowledge/romanticisation of participation as a panacea (Haughton et al., 2015)
	Broadens menu of flood response options (social and behavioural as well physical and engineered interventions) (Maskrey et al., 2016)	Conceptual and numerical simplification required (Maskrey et al., 2016)
	Co-production of new knowledge; social and shared learning (Evers et al., 2012; Hare, 2011; Voinov and Bousquet, 2010)	Focus on producing agreement and better solutions rather than new knowledge (Landström, 2011)
Negotiation	Opens channels of communication/fosters consensus among competing organisations (Hare, 2011; Loucks et al., 2005)	Risk reproduction of social relations that create risk and vulnerability (Frick-Trzebitzky, 2018)
Negotiation		Larger planning processes cannot incorporate all stakeholders (Maskrey et al., 2016)
Value for money	Leads to more sustainable solutions in the long term	Costly and time consuming