Table 1 Summary table of the Islamic...

Table 1

Summary table of the Islamic concept of human well-being

The five essentials		Components	Necessities	Needs	Refinements	Bads
Religion	Five pillars of religion	Belief	Testimony of faith and basic religious knowledge	General religious knowledge	Wisdom (hikmah), spiritual refinement (tazkiyah) and virtue (iḥsān)	Irreligious ideologies; religious discrimination; moral corruption
		Prayers	Five daily prayers and Friday prayer	Congregational prayer, funeral prayers, Eid prayers	Voluntary prayers with reverence and humility (khushū')
		Fasting	Fasting Ramadan (once a year)	Moderate consumption	Voluntary fasts; fasting of the heart
		Charity	Zakāt (once a year)	Relieving financial burdens of others	Charitable institutions; mutual gift-giving
		Pilgrimage	Hajj (once in a lifetime)	Voluntary pilgrimage	Eco-tourism and visits to religious sites
The self	Physical	Food	Minimum calorie intake	Provision to meet food needs	Nutritious foods	Hunger; unhealthy food
		Shelter	Basic shelter	Needed physical infrastructure	Ascetic architecture	Homelessnes; poor housing; poor sanitation
		Health	Basic healthcare provision	Healthcare needs	Advanced healthcare provision	Disease, sickness, intoxication
		Safety	Right to life	Safe and secure neighbourhood	Peace of mind	War, conflict, criminality, suicide
	“Abstract”	Freedom	Basic individual rights and freedoms	Communal rights	Fulfilling human potential of oneself and others	Political oppression and injustice
		Dignity
		Justice
Intellect	Mind	Technical education	Primary education	Secondary education	Tertiary education	Fragmentation of knowledge
Intellect	Heart	Moral education	Primary education	Secondary education	Tertiary education	Entertainment industry, celebrity culture
Progeny	Familial, social and environment	Offspring	Procreation through wedlock	Upbringing needs of children	Virtuous upbringing and comportment (ḥusn al-tarbiyyah; adab)	Neglect; corruption of fitrah
		Marriage	Fulfilling rights of and duties towards: spouse, family, neighbour, community and nature	Needs of spouse	Love, peace and tranquility (ḥusn al-ʾishra)	Abuse; divorce
		Relatives		Needs of relatives	Strengthen family ties (s_.ilat al-arḥām)	Cutting familial ties
		Neighbours		Needs of neighbours	Friendliness, care and concern (ḥusn al-jiwār)	Harming neighbours
		Community		Needs of community	Community outreach and engagement	Social strife
		Nature		Environmental conservation	Environmental regeneration	Environmental damage
Wealth	Earning (kasb)	Income and employment	Permissible sources (ḥalāl) and meets subsistence	Safe and secure employment	Fulfilling work; self-esteem and self-actualisation; arts and crafts	Unemployment, poverty, inequality
Wealth	Provisioning (infāq)	For-profit and not-for-profit	Sustaining one's dependants	Fulfilling personal, familial, societal needs	Establish sustainable organisation, e.g. waqf to support virtuous causes	Spending on harmful and immoral commodities and services

The five essentials		Components	Necessities	Needs	Refinements	Bads
Religion	Five pillars of religion	Belief	Testimony of faith and basic religious knowledge	General religious knowledge	Wisdom (hikmah), spiritual refinement (tazkiyah) and virtue (iḥsān)	Irreligious ideologies; religious discrimination; moral corruption
		Prayers	Five daily prayers and Friday prayer	Congregational prayer, funeral prayers, Eid prayers	Voluntary prayers with reverence and humility (khushū')
		Fasting	Fasting Ramadan (once a year)	Moderate consumption	Voluntary fasts; fasting of the heart
		Charity	Zakāt (once a year)	Relieving financial burdens of others	Charitable institutions; mutual gift-giving
		Pilgrimage	Hajj (once in a lifetime)	Voluntary pilgrimage	Eco-tourism and visits to religious sites
The self	Physical	Food	Minimum calorie intake	Provision to meet food needs	Nutritious foods	Hunger; unhealthy food
		Shelter	Basic shelter	Needed physical infrastructure	Ascetic architecture	Homelessnes; poor housing; poor sanitation
		Health	Basic healthcare provision	Healthcare needs	Advanced healthcare provision	Disease, sickness, intoxication
		Safety	Right to life	Safe and secure neighbourhood	Peace of mind	War, conflict, criminality, suicide
	“Abstract”	Freedom	Basic individual rights and freedoms	Communal rights	Fulfilling human potential of oneself and others	Political oppression and injustice
		Dignity
		Justice
Intellect	Mind	Technical education	Primary education	Secondary education	Tertiary education	Fragmentation of knowledge
Intellect	Heart	Moral education	Primary education	Secondary education	Tertiary education	Entertainment industry, celebrity culture
Progeny	Familial, social and environment	Offspring	Procreation through wedlock	Upbringing needs of children	Virtuous upbringing and comportment (ḥusn al-tarbiyyah; adab)	Neglect; corruption of fitrah
		Marriage	Fulfilling rights of and duties towards: spouse, family, neighbour, community and nature	Needs of spouse	Love, peace and tranquility (ḥusn al-ʾishra)	Abuse; divorce
		Relatives		Needs of relatives	Strengthen family ties (s_.ilat al-arḥām)	Cutting familial ties
		Neighbours		Needs of neighbours	Friendliness, care and concern (ḥusn al-jiwār)	Harming neighbours
		Community		Needs of community	Community outreach and engagement	Social strife
		Nature		Environmental conservation	Environmental regeneration	Environmental damage
Wealth	Earning (kasb)	Income and employment	Permissible sources (ḥalāl) and meets subsistence	Safe and secure employment	Fulfilling work; self-esteem and self-actualisation; arts and crafts	Unemployment, poverty, inequality
Wealth	Provisioning (infāq)	For-profit and not-for-profit	Sustaining one's dependants	Fulfilling personal, familial, societal needs	Establish sustainable organisation, e.g. waqf to support virtuous causes	Spending on harmful and immoral commodities and services

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