Comparison of current major methodologies for urban CE accounting
| Method | Author (year) | Category | Summary or assessment (distinguished by the marked sign “*”) |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Greenhouse Gas Protocol | WRI/WBCSD (2004) | Bottom-up | Divided emissions into three scopes Several sectors: energy, metals, chemicals, minerals, waste, pulp and paper *mainly used in corporate CE accounting |
| IPCC | IPCC (2006) | Bottom-up | Provides guidance on emission factors, data and equation Four sectors: energy, IPPU, waste and AFOLU *mainly used in national CE accounting |
| Dhakal | Dhakal et al. (2010) | Top-down | Adopted energy use per unit GRP as a key indicator to estimate divided city CEs Emission factors were taken from IPCC, 2006 |
| Kennedy | Kennedy et al. (2010) | Bottom-up | Adopted three scopes proposed by WRI/WBCSD Six sectors: electricity, transportation, IPPU and waste, etc. |
| Bi | Bi et al. (2011) | Bottom-up | Six sectors again, but different slightly from Kennedy *The earliest case addressing a developed city in China |
| Lin | Lin et al. (2013) | Hybrid | Calculated the emissions based on three scopes Scopes 1 and 2 were estimated using the IPCC (2006), and Scope 3 was calculated using life-cycle analysis |
| GPC | C40 et al. (2014) | Bottom-up | Contained three scopes and five sectors *Based on IPCC (2006), but more comprehensive, transparent and accurate and specifically suitable for cities |
| PAS 2070 | BSI (2014) | Hybrid | Direct plus supply chain method was equal to GPC Consumption-based method used the IO models from a life-cycle perspective |
| Zhang | Zhang et al. (2015) | Top-down | Adopted 135-sector IO tables The others were the same as Dhakal |
| Method | Author (year) | Category | Summary or assessment (distinguished by the marked sign “*”) |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Greenhouse Gas Protocol | Bottom-up | Divided emissions into three scopes | |
| IPCC | Bottom-up | Provides guidance on emission factors, data and equation | |
| Dhakal | Top-down | Adopted energy use per unit GRP as a key indicator to estimate divided city CEs | |
| Kennedy | Bottom-up | Adopted three scopes proposed by WRI/WBCSD | |
| Bi | Bottom-up | Six sectors again, but different slightly from Kennedy | |
| Lin | Hybrid | Calculated the emissions based on three scopes | |
| GPC | Bottom-up | Contained three scopes and five sectors | |
| PAS 2070 | Hybrid | Direct plus supply chain method was equal to GPC | |
| Zhang | Top-down | Adopted 135-sector IO tables |
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