Baseline results
| M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A | |||||
| short | −0.3189*** (0.0523) | −0.3143*** (0.0511) | −0.3364*** (0.0419) | −0.3456*** (0.0365) | −0.3518*** (0.0302) |
| Cons | 0.6315*** (0.0134) | 0.83392*** (0.0170) | 0.2702 *** (0.0145) | 0.8367*** (0.0326) | 0.2879*** (0.0018) |
| Control variables | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year-FE | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Company-FE | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Observations | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 |
| Within | 0.0008 | 0.0506 | 0.0572 | 0.0591 | 0.0494 |
| Panel B | |||||
| short | −0.3312*** (0.0523) | −0.2587*** (0.0561) | −0.2773*** (0.0408) | −0.2242*** (0.00398) | −0.2794*** (0.0335) |
| digital | 0.0034*** (0.0009) | 0.0023** (0.0009) | 0.0015* (0.0008) | 0.0024*** 0.0008 | 0.0018*** (0.0004) |
| 0.0196*** (0.0056) | 0.0227*** (0.0058) | 0.0184*** (0.0047) | 0.0157*** (0.0098) | 0.2747*** (0.0085) | |
| Cons | −3.9327 *** (0.1699) | 0.5822*** (0.0142) | 0.4334 *** (0.0116) | 0.2813*** (0.0098) | 0.2747*** (0.0085) |
| Control variables | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year-FE | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Company-FE | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Observations | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 |
| Within | 0.0594 | 0.0478 | 0.0571 | 0.0619 | 0.0494 |
| M1 | M2 | M3 | M4 | M5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −0.3189 | −0.3143 | −0.3364 | −0.3456 | −0.3518 | |
| 0.6315 | 0.83392 | 0.2702 | 0.8367 | 0.2879 | |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | |
| 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | |
| 0.0008 | 0.0506 | 0.0572 | 0.0591 | 0.0494 | |
| −0.3312 | −0.2587 | −0.2773 | −0.2242 | −0.2794 | |
| 0.0034 | 0.0023 | 0.0015 | 0.0024 | 0.0018 | |
| 0.0196 | 0.0227 | 0.0184 | 0.0157 | 0.2747 | |
| −3.9327 | 0.5822 | 0.4334 | 0.2813 | 0.2747 | |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | |
| 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | 35,635 | |
| 0.0594 | 0.0478 | 0.0571 | 0.0619 | 0.0494 | |
Notes:
*, ** and ***indicate statistical significance at the 10, 5 and 1% levels, respectively. The standard errors are corrected for clustering at the firm level
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