Table 1.

Representative articles related to the nexus between the REC and CO2 emission

Author and yearRegion and periodMethodMajor findings
Apergis et al. (2015)11 South American countries 1980–2010PCMREC CO2 decrease
Attiaoui et al. (2017) 22 African countries 1990–2011ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Ben Jebli (2019) 22 Central and South American countries 1995–2010PCMREC CO2 growth
Bhat (2018) Brazil, Russia, China, India and South Africa 1992–2016STIRPATREC CO2 decrease
Charfeddine and Kahia (2019) MENA 1980–2015PVARREC CO2 growth, but weak
Chen et al. (2019) China 1980–2014ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Chen et al. (2019) China 1995–2012FMOLSREC CO2 decrease, only in the eastern and western regions
Cherni et al. (2017)Tunisia 1990–2015ARDLNo granger causality
de Souza (2018) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela 1990–2014ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Dogan and Ozturk (2017) USA 1980–2014ARDL, EKCREC CO2 decrease
Dogan et al. (2016a, 2016b)Top 10 REC countries 1985–2011FMOLSREC CO2 decrease
Dong et al. (2020) 120 countries 1995–2015PCMREC CO2 decrease
Dong et al. (2018)128 countries 1990–2014STIRPATREC CO2 decrease
Dong et al. (2018)China 1993–2016ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Emir et al. (2019) Romania 1990–2014ARDLNo granger causality
Hanif (2018) 34 emerging countries 1995–2015GMMREC improves air quality by controlling carbon emissions
Ito (2016)31 developed countries 1996–2011PCMREC CO2 decrease
Kahia et al. (2019) MENA 1980–2012PVARREC CO2 decrease
Leal et al. (2018) Australia 1965–2015ARDLNo granger causality
Lee (2019) European Union 1961–2012PCMREC CO2 decrease
Long et al. (2015) China 1952–2012ARDLNo granger causality, but think that REC can decrease CO2 emissions
Lu (2017) Asian 1990–2012PCMREC CO2 growth
Mahmood et al. (2019) Pakistani 1980–20143SLS, EKCREC CO2 growth
Moutinho and Robaina (2016) 20 European countries 1991–2010PVECMREC CO2 decrease
Naz et al. (2019) Pakistan 1975–2016ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Pata (2018)Turkey 1974–2014ARDLNo granger causality
Paweenawat and Plyngam (2017) Thailand 1986–2012ARDLNo granger causality
Rahil et al. (2019) Libya 2015SAMREC CO2 decrease, which has economic benefits
Shahzad et al. (2018) China and India 1970–2013ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Toumi and Toumi (2019) Saudi Arabia 1990–2014ARDLREC CO2 decrease
Ummalla and Samal (2019) China and India 1965–2016ARDLNo granger causality
Yazdi and Shakouri (2018) Germany 1975–2014VARNo granger causality
Zaghdoudi (2017) OECD 1990–2015PCMNo granger causality
Zrelli (2017) Mediterranean 1980–2011PVECMREC CO2 growth
This paperMost of the countries grouped by their income levels in BRI in 1992–2014LMDI

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