Table 6 FDI, digitalization and income... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

FDI, digitalization and income inequality (35 developing countries)

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 2S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.919^*** (0.003)	0.918^*** (0.005)	0.922^*** (0.003)	0.916^*** (0.004)	0.918^*** (0.004)	0.913^*** (0.006)
FDI	−0.078^*** (0.015)	−0.076^*** (0.014)	−0.057^*** (0.017)	−0.070^*** (0.017)	−0.083^*** (0.014)	−0.109^*** (0.010)
Digitalization	−0.005^*** (0.001)	−0.006^*** (0.001)	−0.003^* (0.0013)	−0.005^*** (0.001)	−0.006^*** (0.001)	−0.007^*** (0.001)
FDI* Digitalization	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)
Governance	0.158^*** (0.049)	0.105^** (0.072)	0.154^*** (0.019)	0.040 (0.085)	0.097^** (0.051)	0.191^*** (0.060)
Economic growth	−0.0001 (0.0003)	0.000^*** (0.000)	0.000^** (0.000)	0.000^* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	−0.000 (0.000)
Education	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.031^*** (0.003)	0.028^*** (0.002)	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.038^*** (0.002)
Instrument	32	33	34	32	33	35
Country/Observation	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595
AR(2) test	0.413	0.413	0.414	0.412	0.411	0.407
Sargan test	0.755	0.759	0.775	0.758	0.763	0.707
Hansen test	0.538	0.481	0.550	0.549	0.511	0.611

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 2S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.919^*** (0.003)	0.918^*** (0.005)	0.922^*** (0.003)	0.916^*** (0.004)	0.918^*** (0.004)	0.913^*** (0.006)
FDI	−0.078^*** (0.015)	−0.076^*** (0.014)	−0.057^*** (0.017)	−0.070^*** (0.017)	−0.083^*** (0.014)	−0.109^*** (0.010)
Digitalization	−0.005^*** (0.001)	−0.006^*** (0.001)	−0.003^* (0.0013)	−0.005^*** (0.001)	−0.006^*** (0.001)	−0.007^*** (0.001)
FDI* Digitalization	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)
Governance	0.158^*** (0.049)	0.105^** (0.072)	0.154^*** (0.019)	0.040 (0.085)	0.097^** (0.051)	0.191^*** (0.060)
Economic growth	−0.0001 (0.0003)	0.000^*** (0.000)	0.000^** (0.000)	0.000^* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	−0.000 (0.000)
Education	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.031^*** (0.003)	0.028^*** (0.002)	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.033^*** (0.003)	0.038^*** (0.002)
Instrument	32	33	34	32	33	35
Country/Observation	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595	35/595
AR(2) test	0.413	0.413	0.414	0.412	0.411	0.407
Sargan test	0.755	0.759	0.775	0.758	0.763	0.707
Hansen test	0.538	0.481	0.550	0.549	0.511	0.611

Note(s): ^***, ^**, ^*report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

Source(s): Own elaboration