Table 7 FDI, digitalization and income... | Emerald Publishing

Table 7

FDI, digitalization and income inequality (35 developing countries)

Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 2S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.916^*** (0.003)	0.914^*** (0.004)	0.919^*** (0.004)	0.915^*** (0.005)	0.916^*** (0.005)	0.920^*** (0.006)
FDI	−0.222^*** (0.026)	−0.225^*** (0.026)	−0.244^*** (0.028)	−0.227^*** (0.026)	−0.224^*** (0.020)	−0.162^*** (0.018)
Digitalization	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.004^** (0.000)	−0.004^** (0.000)	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.003^*** (0.000)
FDI* Digitalization	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0006^*** (0.000)
Governance	0.156^** (0.069)	0.240^** (0.073)	0.116^** (0.048)	0.382^*** (0.109)	0.221^*** (0.079)	0.105 (0.087)
Economic growth	0.001^**** (0.000)	0.001^* (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000^* (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)
Education	0.027^*** (0.005)	0.032^*** (0.005)	0.029^*** (0.003)	0.037^*** (0.004)	0.032^*** (0.004)	0.022^*** (0.004)
Instrument	32	33	31	34	35	33
Country/Observation	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/559
AR(2) test	0.488	0.473	0.501	0.464	0.484	0.469
Sargan test	0.233	0.279	0.273	0.257	0.250	0.168
Hansen test	0.598	0.528	0.580	0.522	0.655	0.732

Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 2S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.916^*** (0.003)	0.914^*** (0.004)	0.919^*** (0.004)	0.915^*** (0.005)	0.916^*** (0.005)	0.920^*** (0.006)
FDI	−0.222^*** (0.026)	−0.225^*** (0.026)	−0.244^*** (0.028)	−0.227^*** (0.026)	−0.224^*** (0.020)	−0.162^*** (0.018)
Digitalization	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.004^** (0.000)	−0.004^** (0.000)	−0.004^*** (0.000)	−0.003^*** (0.000)
FDI* Digitalization	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0008^*** (0.000)	0.0006^*** (0.000)
Governance	0.156^** (0.069)	0.240^** (0.073)	0.116^** (0.048)	0.382^*** (0.109)	0.221^*** (0.079)	0.105 (0.087)
Economic growth	0.001^**** (0.000)	0.001^* (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000^* (0.000)	0.001^*** (0.000)
Education	0.027^*** (0.005)	0.032^*** (0.005)	0.029^*** (0.003)	0.037^*** (0.004)	0.032^*** (0.004)	0.022^*** (0.004)
Instrument	32	33	31	34	35	33
Country/Observation	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/559
AR(2) test	0.488	0.473	0.501	0.464	0.484	0.469
Sargan test	0.233	0.279	0.273	0.257	0.250	0.168
Hansen test	0.598	0.528	0.580	0.522	0.655	0.732

Note(s): ^***, ^**, ^*report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

Source(s): Own elaboration