Table 8 FDI, digitalization and income... | Emerald Publishing

Table 8

FDI, digitalization and income inequality (30 developed countries)

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.973^*** (0.013)	0.972^*** (0.013)	0.986^*** (0.017)	0.997^*** (0.013)	0.975^*** (0.013)	0.956^*** (0.016)
FDI	0.007^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)	0.008^* (0.004)	0.009^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)
Digitalization	−0.007^* (0.004	−0.008^* (0.004)	−0.005 (0.005)	−0.004 (0.005)	−0.007^* (0.004)	−0.009^** (0.004)
FDI* Digitalization	−0.001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^** (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^** (0.000)
Governance	−0.036 (0.109)	−0.086 (0.159)	−0.094 (0.133)	0.213 (0.206)	0.009 (0.156)	−0.591^* (0.318)
Economic growth	0.003^** (0.001)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.005^*** (0.001)
Education	−0.015 (0.010)	−0.016 (0.010)	−0.015^* (0.009)	−0.009 (0.010)	−0.012 (0.010)	−0.024^** (0.010)
Instrument	30	30	30	30	30	30
Country/Observation	30/480	30/480	30/450	30/450	30/480	30/480
AR(2) test	0.319	0.319	0.690	0.722	0.319	0.337
Sargan test	0.725	0.727	0.709	0.684	0.722	0.696

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.973^*** (0.013)	0.972^*** (0.013)	0.986^*** (0.017)	0.997^*** (0.013)	0.975^*** (0.013)	0.956^*** (0.016)
FDI	0.007^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)	0.008^* (0.004)	0.009^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)	0.007^* (0.004)
Digitalization	−0.007^* (0.004	−0.008^* (0.004)	−0.005 (0.005)	−0.004 (0.005)	−0.007^* (0.004)	−0.009^** (0.004)
FDI* Digitalization	−0.001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^** (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^* (0.000)	−0.0001^** (0.000)
Governance	−0.036 (0.109)	−0.086 (0.159)	−0.094 (0.133)	0.213 (0.206)	0.009 (0.156)	−0.591^* (0.318)
Economic growth	0.003^** (0.001)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.002^** (0.001)	0.005^*** (0.001)
Education	−0.015 (0.010)	−0.016 (0.010)	−0.015^* (0.009)	−0.009 (0.010)	−0.012 (0.010)	−0.024^** (0.010)
Instrument	30	30	30	30	30	30
Country/Observation	30/480	30/480	30/450	30/450	30/480	30/480
AR(2) test	0.319	0.319	0.690	0.722	0.319	0.337
Sargan test	0.725	0.727	0.709	0.684	0.722	0.696

Note(s): ^***, ^**, ^*report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

Source(s): Own elaboration