FDI, digitalization and income inequality (30 developed countries)
| Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 1S-GMM estimates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality) | ||||||
| Variables | GOV1 | GOV2 | GOV3 | GOV4 | GOV5 | GOV6 |
| Gini index (−1) | 0.920*** (0.011) | 0.923*** (0.011) | 0.884*** (0.014) | 0.921*** (0.011) | 0.922*** (0.011) | 0.900*** (0.014) |
| FDI | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.000 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.0008 (0.010) | 0.0009 (0.004) |
| Digitalization | −0.001** (0.000) | −0.001* (0.000) | −0.002** (0.000) | −0.002** (0.001) | −0.002** (0.000) | −0.002** (0.001) |
| FDI* Digitalization | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.0003 (0.000) | −0.0002 (0.000) | −0.0003 (0.000) | −0.0001 (0.000) | −0.0002 (0.000) |
| Governance | −0.267*** (0.102) | −0.326** (0.147) | −0.678*** (0.134) | −0.411** (0.195) | −0.320** (0.153) | −1.199*** (0.343) |
| Economic growth | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.004*** (0.000) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) |
| Education | −0.008 (0.010) | −0.002 (0.010) | 0.005 (0.009) | −0.001 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.010) | −0.010 (0.010) |
| Instrument | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Country/Observation | 30/510 | 30/510 | 30/510 | 30/480 | 30/510 | 30/510 |
| AR(2) test | 0.182 | 0.172 | 0.199 | 0.295 | 0.173 | 0.194 |
| Sargan test | 0.502 | 0.455 | 0.291 | 0.291 | 0.379 | 0.486 |
| Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 1S-GMM estimates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality) | ||||||
| Variables | GOV1 | GOV2 | GOV3 | GOV4 | GOV5 | GOV6 |
| Gini index (−1) | 0.920*** (0.011) | 0.923*** (0.011) | 0.884*** (0.014) | 0.921*** (0.011) | 0.922*** (0.011) | 0.900*** (0.014) |
| FDI | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.000 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.0008 (0.010) | 0.0009 (0.004) |
| Digitalization | −0.001** (0.000) | −0.001* (0.000) | −0.002** (0.000) | −0.002** (0.001) | −0.002** (0.000) | −0.002** (0.001) |
| FDI* Digitalization | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.0003 (0.000) | −0.0002 (0.000) | −0.0003 (0.000) | −0.0001 (0.000) | −0.0002 (0.000) |
| Governance | −0.267*** (0.102) | −0.326** (0.147) | −0.678*** (0.134) | −0.411** (0.195) | −0.320** (0.153) | −1.199*** (0.343) |
| Economic growth | 0.004*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.004*** (0.000) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.003*** (0.001) | 0.006*** (0.001) |
| Education | −0.008 (0.010) | −0.002 (0.010) | 0.005 (0.009) | −0.001 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.010) | −0.010 (0.010) |
| Instrument | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Country/Observation | 30/510 | 30/510 | 30/510 | 30/480 | 30/510 | 30/510 |
| AR(2) test | 0.182 | 0.172 | 0.199 | 0.295 | 0.173 | 0.194 |
| Sargan test | 0.502 | 0.455 | 0.291 | 0.291 | 0.379 | 0.486 |
Note(s): ***, **, *report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%
Source(s): Own elaboration
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