Table 10 FDI, digitalization and income... | Emerald Publishing

Table 10

FDI, digitalization and income inequality (35 developing countries)

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.912^*** (0.010)	0.913^*** (0.010)	0.916^*** (0.009)	0.911^*** (0.010)	0.912^*** (0.009)	0.904^*** (0.010)
FDI	−0.239^*** (0.079)	−0.226^*** (0.079)	−0.184^** (0.083)	−0.240^*** (0.083)	−0.237^*** (0.079)	−0.273^*** (0.079)
Digitalization	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.018^*** (0.007)	−0.015^** (0.007)	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.022^*** (0.007)
FDI* Digitalization	0.004^*** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.004^*** (0.001)
Governance	0.164 (0.136)	0.118 (0.150)	−0.083 (0.103)	0.287^** (0.146)	0.214^** (0.112)	0.291^*** (0.102)
Economic growth	0.0005 (0.001)	0.0005 (0.001)	0.0009 (0.001)	0.0001 (0.001)	0.0003 (0.001)	0.0006 (0.001)
Education	0.038^*** (0.009)	0.036^*** (0.009)	0.030^*** (0.009)	0.041^*** (0.009)	0.040^*** (0.009)	0.042^*** (0.008)
Instrument	34	34	35	34	34	34
Country/Observation	35/595	35/595	35/594	35/595	35/595	35/594
AR(2) test	0.166	0.161	0.158	0.161	0.160	0.170
Sargan test	0.469	0.485	0.497	0.468	0.499	0.477

Digitalization = Individuals using the Internet: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.912^*** (0.010)	0.913^*** (0.010)	0.916^*** (0.009)	0.911^*** (0.010)	0.912^*** (0.009)	0.904^*** (0.010)
FDI	−0.239^*** (0.079)	−0.226^*** (0.079)	−0.184^** (0.083)	−0.240^*** (0.083)	−0.237^*** (0.079)	−0.273^*** (0.079)
Digitalization	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.018^*** (0.007)	−0.015^** (0.007)	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.019^*** (0.007)	−0.022^*** (0.007)
FDI* Digitalization	0.004^*** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.003^** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.003^*** (0.001)	0.004^*** (0.001)
Governance	0.164 (0.136)	0.118 (0.150)	−0.083 (0.103)	0.287^** (0.146)	0.214^** (0.112)	0.291^*** (0.102)
Economic growth	0.0005 (0.001)	0.0005 (0.001)	0.0009 (0.001)	0.0001 (0.001)	0.0003 (0.001)	0.0006 (0.001)
Education	0.038^*** (0.009)	0.036^*** (0.009)	0.030^*** (0.009)	0.041^*** (0.009)	0.040^*** (0.009)	0.042^*** (0.008)
Instrument	34	34	35	34	34	34
Country/Observation	35/595	35/595	35/594	35/595	35/595	35/594
AR(2) test	0.166	0.161	0.158	0.161	0.160	0.170
Sargan test	0.469	0.485	0.497	0.468	0.499	0.477

Note(s): ^***, ^**, ^*report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

Source(s): Own elaboration