Table 11 FDI, digitalization and income... | Emerald Publishing

Table 11

FDI, digitalization and income inequality (35 developing countries)

Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.914^*** (0.010)	0.915^*** (0.010)	0.918^*** (0.010)	0.914^*** (0.010)	0.917^*** (0.010)	0.913^*** (0.010)
FDI	−0.228^*** (0.086)	−0.223^*** (0.078)	−0.243^*** (0.088)	−0.220^*** (0.086)	−0.216^*** (0.086)	−0.175^** (0.082)
Digitalization	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.003^*** (0.001)
FDI* Digitalization	0.0008^*** (0.0003)	0.0008^*** (0.0003)	0.0009^*** (0.0003)	0.0007^*** (0.0003)	0.0007^*** (0.0003)	0.0006^** (0.0003)
Governance	0.287^* (0.164)	0.352^** (0.179)	0.103 (0.143)	0.489^*** (0.164)	0.313^** (0.157)	0.237^** (0.109)
Economic growth	0.0006 (0.001)	0.0007 (0.001)	0.001 (0.0009)	0.0004 (0.001)	0.0006 (0.001)	0.001 (0.0009)
Education	0.037^*** (0.010)	0.034^*** (0.009)	0.030^*** (0.009)	0.037^*** (0.009)	0.035^*** (0.009)	0.031^*** (0.009)
Instrument	34	34	35	34	34	34
Country/Observation	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/559
AR(2) test	0.265	0.256	0.286	0.244	0.252	0.227
Sargan test	0.231	0.279	0.273	0.257	0.250	0.168

Digitalization = Fixed broadband subscriptions: 1S-GMM estimates
Dependent variable: GINI index (income inequality)
Variables	GOV1	GOV2	GOV3	GOV4	GOV5	GOV6
Gini index (−1)	0.914^*** (0.010)	0.915^*** (0.010)	0.918^*** (0.010)	0.914^*** (0.010)	0.917^*** (0.010)	0.913^*** (0.010)
FDI	−0.228^*** (0.086)	−0.223^*** (0.078)	−0.243^*** (0.088)	−0.220^*** (0.086)	−0.216^*** (0.086)	−0.175^** (0.082)
Digitalization	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.004^*** (0.001)	−0.003^*** (0.001)
FDI* Digitalization	0.0008^*** (0.0003)	0.0008^*** (0.0003)	0.0009^*** (0.0003)	0.0007^*** (0.0003)	0.0007^*** (0.0003)	0.0006^** (0.0003)
Governance	0.287^* (0.164)	0.352^** (0.179)	0.103 (0.143)	0.489^*** (0.164)	0.313^** (0.157)	0.237^** (0.109)
Economic growth	0.0006 (0.001)	0.0007 (0.001)	0.001 (0.0009)	0.0004 (0.001)	0.0006 (0.001)	0.001 (0.0009)
Education	0.037^*** (0.010)	0.034^*** (0.009)	0.030^*** (0.009)	0.037^*** (0.009)	0.035^*** (0.009)	0.031^*** (0.009)
Instrument	34	34	35	34	34	34
Country/Observation	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/560	35/559
AR(2) test	0.265	0.256	0.286	0.244	0.252	0.227
Sargan test	0.231	0.279	0.273	0.257	0.250	0.168

Note(s): ^***, ^**, ^*report significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

Source(s): Own elaboration