Table 4
Frequency of impression management techniques
| Techniques | In public | In private | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % of total | No. | % of total | No. | % | |
| Preventive techniques | ||||||
| ❶ Mild challenge (Quotation 2) | 150 | 68% | 70 | 32% | 220 | 100% |
| ❹ Supportive and optimistic comments (Quotation 5, 6, 7) | 40 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 40 | 100% |
| ❺ Questioning (one's) own understanding (Quotation 1, 8) | 9 | 69% | 4 | 31% | 13 | 100% |
| ❻ Combination questions (Quotation 9) | 81 | 78% | 23 | 22% | 104 | 100% |
| Corrective/defensive techniques | ||||||
| ❼ Combination answers (Quotation 1) | 63 | 70% | 27 | 30% | 90 | 100% |
| ❽ Collaborative answers (Quotation 10) | 34 | 71% | 14 | 29% | 48 | 100% |
| ❾ Close down debate (Quotation 11, 12) | 3 | 100% | 0 | 0% | 3 | 100% |
| ❿ Agree with the questioner (Quotation 1, 13) | 17 | 81% | 4 | 19% | 21 | 100% |
 Acknowledge the challenge (Quotation 1, 10, 15, 16, 17) | 10 | 67% | 5 | 33% | 15 | 100% |