Definition and sources of the variables used
| Fit | Number of firms divided by population, by region and year (Source: DIRCE and INE) |
| FGjit | Number of firms according to size i divided by population, by region and year (Source: DIRCE and INE) |
| FSjit | Number of firms according to production sector i divided by population, by region and year (Source: DIRCE and INE) |
| FTijt | Number of firms according to level of technology i divided by population, by region and year (Source: DIRCE and INE) |
| HKit | Human capital stock. Percentage of workers who have completed their studies at different levels of education, by region and year (Source: IVIE) |
| Kit | Stock of physical capital, by region and year (Source: BBVA Foundation–IVIE) |
| Lit | Labour. Number of workers, in thousands, of people by region and year (Source: INE) |
| TFPit=ln Ait | Productive efficiency. Total productivity of factors, by region and year (Source: INE and BBVA Foundation–IVIE. Compiled by authors from Equation (4)) |
| R&Dit | Investment in knowledge. R&D expenditure per inhabitant, by region and year (Source: INE) |
| TEAit | Total entrepreneurial activity, by region and year (Source: GEM) |
| Yit | Output. Gross domestic product, in thousands of constant euros, by region and year (Source: INE) |
| Number of firms divided by population, by region and year (Source: DIRCE and INE) | |
| Number of firms according to size | |
| Number of firms according to production sector | |
| Number of firms according to level of technology | |
| Human capital stock. Percentage of workers who have completed their studies at different levels of education, by region and year (Source: IVIE) | |
| Stock of physical capital, by region and year (Source: BBVA Foundation–IVIE) | |
| Labour. Number of workers, in thousands, of people by region and year (Source: INE) | |
| Productive efficiency. Total productivity of factors, by region and year (Source: INE and BBVA Foundation–IVIE. Compiled by authors from | |
| Investment in knowledge. R&D expenditure per inhabitant, by region and year (Source: INE) | |
| Total entrepreneurial activity, by region and year (Source: GEM) | |
| Output. Gross domestic product, in thousands of constant euros, by region and year (Source: INE) |
Source: Compiled by the authors
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