Table 3 Identified sustainable logistics...

Table 3

Identified sustainable logistics indicators

Dimension	Indicators		Explanation
Environmental	E1	Compliance with environmental policies, standards and certification	Assessing companies' compliance with environmental standards such as ISO 14001 and adherence to legal regulations (Zhang et al., 2019)
	E2	Measurement and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts	Monitoring efforts to reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impacts of logistics activities (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	E3	Waste and leakage management	Evaluation of systems in place for waste recycling, disposal and prevention of potential leakage (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	E4	Appropriate transport mode selection and route optimization	Environmentally friendly and cost-effective selection of transportation modes such as road, rail, maritime or air
	E5	Monitoring and reducing the use of energy, fuel and other resources	Efforts to increase energy efficiency in operational processes and prevent unnecessary resource consumption (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016)
	E6	Monitoring the sustainability of suppliers and sustainable procurement process	Auditing the compliance of business partners in the supply chain with environmental and social criteria
	E7	Implementation of recycling and use of sustainable materials	Preferring reusable materials and increasing recycling rates (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
Economic	Ec1	Cost monitoring and reduction	Effective control of operational costs while achieving sustainability goals
	Ec2	Strengthening company image and increasing market share	Improving corporate reputation and reaching a wider customer base through sustainability practices
	Ec3	Occupancy and load optimization of transport vehicles	Efforts to reduce the number of empty trips and increase the occupancy rate of transportation vehicles (Karia et al., 2016)
	Ec4	Sustainable finance practices	Implementation of financing and investment strategies based on environmental and social responsibility
	Ec5	R&D, innovation and technological capability of the business	Development of new technologies and innovative solutions for sustainable logistics (Karia et al., 2016)
	Ec6	Flexibility and responsiveness	Measuring the capacity to rapidly adapt to market dynamics and environmental conditions
	Ec7	Monitoring and increasing sustainable profitability	Maintaining profitability by ensuring both environmental and economic sustainability
Social	S1	Measuring employee satisfaction	Questionnaires and assessments to measure employees' satisfaction and commitment levels at work (Zhang et al., 2019; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S2	Occupational health and safety practices	Implementation of occupational health and safety standards to ensure that employees work in a safe environment (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S3	Education and training opportunities for employees	Providing vocational training programs to increase the competencies of employees (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S4	Diversity at work, fair and equal working environment	Creating a work environment where diversity is encouraged and discrimination is prevented (Zhang et al., 2019; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S5	Alignment with local communities and local investments	Logistics companies contribute to economic and social development by working in harmony with local communities
	S6	Customer privacy and satisfaction	Customer privacy involves data protection, while satisfaction refers to ensuring service quality and timely delivery

Dimension	Indicators		Explanation
Environmental	E1	Compliance with environmental policies, standards and certification	Assessing companies' compliance with environmental standards such as ISO 14001 and adherence to legal regulations (Zhang et al., 2019)
	E2	Measurement and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts	Monitoring efforts to reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impacts of logistics activities (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	E3	Waste and leakage management	Evaluation of systems in place for waste recycling, disposal and prevention of potential leakage (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	E4	Appropriate transport mode selection and route optimization	Environmentally friendly and cost-effective selection of transportation modes such as road, rail, maritime or air
	E5	Monitoring and reducing the use of energy, fuel and other resources	Efforts to increase energy efficiency in operational processes and prevent unnecessary resource consumption (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016)
	E6	Monitoring the sustainability of suppliers and sustainable procurement process	Auditing the compliance of business partners in the supply chain with environmental and social criteria
	E7	Implementation of recycling and use of sustainable materials	Preferring reusable materials and increasing recycling rates (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
Economic	Ec1	Cost monitoring and reduction	Effective control of operational costs while achieving sustainability goals
	Ec2	Strengthening company image and increasing market share	Improving corporate reputation and reaching a wider customer base through sustainability practices
	Ec3	Occupancy and load optimization of transport vehicles	Efforts to reduce the number of empty trips and increase the occupancy rate of transportation vehicles (Karia et al., 2016)
	Ec4	Sustainable finance practices	Implementation of financing and investment strategies based on environmental and social responsibility
	Ec5	R&D, innovation and technological capability of the business	Development of new technologies and innovative solutions for sustainable logistics (Karia et al., 2016)
	Ec6	Flexibility and responsiveness	Measuring the capacity to rapidly adapt to market dynamics and environmental conditions
	Ec7	Monitoring and increasing sustainable profitability	Maintaining profitability by ensuring both environmental and economic sustainability
Social	S1	Measuring employee satisfaction	Questionnaires and assessments to measure employees' satisfaction and commitment levels at work (Zhang et al., 2019; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S2	Occupational health and safety practices	Implementation of occupational health and safety standards to ensure that employees work in a safe environment (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S3	Education and training opportunities for employees	Providing vocational training programs to increase the competencies of employees (Zhang et al., 2019; Karia et al., 2016; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S4	Diversity at work, fair and equal working environment	Creating a work environment where diversity is encouraged and discrimination is prevented (Zhang et al., 2019; Yontar et al., 2011)
	S5	Alignment with local communities and local investments	Logistics companies contribute to economic and social development by working in harmony with local communities
	S6	Customer privacy and satisfaction	Customer privacy involves data protection, while satisfaction refers to ensuring service quality and timely delivery

Source(s): Generated by the authors

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