Table 1.

The triple-helix stakeholders

Category Stakeholders Usual roles 
University Higher educational institutions Provide education, research and knowledge dissemination; foster innovation through academic programs
Other higher educational institutions Collaborate on research projects, exchange best practices and enhance academic networks
Alumni Act as mentors, provide networking opportunities and offer real-world insights and funding
Student organizations Facilitate peer learning, organize entrepreneurial activities and represent student interests
Industry Entrepreneurs Offer practical insights, mentorship and real-world challenges; collaborate on innovation projects
Companies Provide resources, funding and real-world problems for academic research; participate in internships and job placements
Financial institutions Offer financial support, investment and economic expertise; sponsor entrepreneurial initiatives
Support service providers Provide legal, marketing and other essential services to startups and entrepreneurs
Incubators and accelerators Offer infrastructure, mentorship and support for startup development and scaling
Science and technology parks Facilitate technology transfer, provide infrastructure and support research commercialization
Government Governmental organizations Develop policies, provide funding and regulatory support and foster a conducive environment for entrepreneurship
Non-Governmental organizations Advocate for entrepreneurial policies, provide support services and engage in community development
Source: Table created by authors

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