Gender wage gap
| Observed | Sample | U. grad | Eng | Health | Human | EcoLaw | Exp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: before the crisis | |||||||
| Gender | −0.247*** (0.0155) | −0.249*** (0.0303) | −0.316*** (0.0874) | −0.249*** (0.0757) | −0.156** (0.0731) | −0.330*** (0.0607) | −0.276*** (0.113) |
| Adjusted | |||||||
| Gender | −0.210*** (0.009) | −0.119*** (0.026) | −0.180** (0.083) | −0.112** (0.057) | −0.056 (0.061) | −0.119** (0.051) | −0.192** (0.097) |
| Experience | 0.019*** (0.000) | 0.025*** (0.006) | 0.034*** (0.011) | 0.010 (0.014) | 0.017 (0.011) | 0.034*** (0.013) | −0.009 (0.030) |
| Experience2/100 | –0.035*** (0.001) | −0.035*** (0.012) | −0.045* (0.023) | −0.002 (0.031) | −0.025 (0.024) | −0.044 (0.031) | 0.047 (0.066) |
| Tenure | 0.009*** (0.000) | 0.004 (0.006) | −0.010 (0.013) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.015) | 0.015 (0.020) |
| Tenure2/100 | −0.004* (0.002) | 0.003 (0.014) | 0.022 (0.032) | 0.000 (0.034) | −0.016 (0.031) | −0.004 (0.038) | −0.005 (0.052) |
| Master | −0.025*** (0.003) | −0.038 (0.058) | 0.069 (0.165) | −0.053 (0.133) | −0.051 (0.098) | −0.028 (0.110) | 0.048 (0.286) |
| PhD | −0.063*** (0.005) | 0.122*** (0.030) | 0.195*** (0.064) | 0.119 (0.078) | 0.088 (0.073) | 0.098 (0.062) | 0.101 (0.136) |
| Couple | 0.057*** (0.003) | 0.063*** (0.031) | 0.069 (0.060) | 0.028 (0.076) | 0.173*** (0.067) | −0.011 (0.075) | 0.243* (0.136) |
| N. children | −0.007*** (0.001) | 0.011 (0.025) | −0.012 (0.021) | 0.071* (0.040) | −0.001 (0.041) | 0.084 (0.066) | −0.057 (0.051) |
| Fixed term | −0.097*** (0.001) | −0.166*** (0.037) | −0.344*** (0.079) | 0.036 (0.101) | −0.069 (0.090) | −0.139 (0.111) | −0.260 (0.263) |
| Part-time | −0.184*** (0.000) | −0.128** (0.065) | −0.078 (0.127) | −0.192 (0.159) | −0.045 (0.149) | −0.098 (0.133) | 0.003 (0.478) |
| 100–499 | 0.109*** (0.006) | 0.139*** (0.049) | 0.053 (0.071) | 0.063 (0.114) | 0.075 (0.095) | 0.279** (0.135) | −0.062 (0.241) |
| >499 | 0.215*** (0.006) | 0.128*** (0.031) | 0.160** (0.067) | 0.132 (0.096) | 0.104* (0.053) | 0.157** (0.070) | 0.131 (0.157) |
| N | 11,798 | 4,086 | 774 | 645 | 811 | 870 | 210 |
| Panel B: after crisis | |||||||
| Gender | −0.221*** (0.019) | −0.263*** (0.027) | −0.352*** (0.073) | −0.126 (0.078) | −0.244*** (0.087) | −0.302*** (0.048) | −0.214** (0.090) |
| Adjusted | |||||||
| Gender | −0.187*** (0.011) | −0.140*** (0.021) | −0.244*** (0.060) | −0.162** (0.073) | −0.198** (0.080) | −0.076** (0.036) | −0.172*** (0.054) |
| Experience | 0.015*** (0.001) | 0.021*** (0.005) | 0.015 (0.012) | 0.012 (0.014) | 0.019 (0.017) | 0.029*** (0.009) | 0.043*** (0.016) |
| Experience2/100 | −0.023*** (0.002) | −0.024** (0.012) | 0.002 (0.027) | −0.019 (0.028) | −0.034 (0.033) | −0.040** (0.020) | −0.046 (0.031) |
| Tenure | 0.014** (0.000) | 0.027*** (0.005) | 0.036*** (0.012) | 0.041*** (0.012) | 0.032*** (0.013) | 0.022** (0.008) | 0.023** (0.011) |
| Tenure2/100 | −0.014*** (0.002) | −0.052*** (0.016) | −0.090*** (0.035) | −0.076** (0.030) | −0.059* (0.032) | −0.038 (0.024) | −0.054** (0.027) |
| Master | −0.142*** (0.007) | 0.252*** (0.053) | 0.035 (0.116) | 0.179** (0.088) | 0.332*** (0.121) | 0.286*** (0.089) | 0.180 (0.110) |
| PhD | −0.107*** (0.005) | 0.243*** (0.057) | 0.227** (0.101) | 0.259* (0.143) | 0.393*** (0.101) | 0.329** (0.153) | 0.063 (0.057) |
| Couple | 0.070*** (0.003) | 0.014 (0.030) | 0.039 (0.083) | −0.025 (0.086) | 0.038 (0.080) | 0.042 (0.042) | −0.027 (0.081) |
| N. children | −0.028*** (0.001) | 0.023* (0.012) | 0.035 (0.027) | −0.058* (0.034) | −0.040 (0.026) | 0.036* (0.021) | 0.099*** (0.033) |
| Temporary | −0.176*** (0.004) | −0.095** (0.039) | −0.189** (0.084) | 0.084 (0.093) | 0.003 (0.121) | −0.156** (0.062) | −0.125 (0.091) |
| Part-time | −0.141*** (0.000) | −0.216*** (0.046) | −0.222** (0.111) | −0.254** (0.120) | −0.151 (0.108) | −0.276*** (0.072) | −0.276** (0.136) |
| 100–499 | 0.137*** (0.006) | 0.118*** (0.035) | 0.193** (0.094) | −0.026 (0.115) | 0.119 (0.086) | 0.068 (0.055) | 0.268** (0.109) |
| >499 | 0.236*** (0.002) | 0.159*** (0.027) | 0.149** (0.063) | 0.067 (0.085) | 0.115* (0.067) | 0.164*** (0.043) | 0.147** (0.064) |
| N | 10,999 | 4,328 | 731 | 645 | 559 | 1,817 | 294 |
| Observed | Sample | U. grad | Eng | Health | Human | EcoLaw | Exp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | −0.247*** (0.0155) | −0.249 | −0.316 | −0.249 | −0.156 | −0.330 | −0.276 |
| Adjusted | |||||||
| Gender | −0.210 | −0.119 | −0.180 | −0.112 | −0.056 (0.061) | −0.119 | −0.192 |
| Experience | 0.019 | 0.025 | 0.034 | 0.010 (0.014) | 0.017 (0.011) | 0.034 | −0.009 (0.030) |
| Experience2/100 | –0.035 | −0.035 | −0.045 | −0.002 (0.031) | −0.025 (0.024) | −0.044 (0.031) | 0.047 (0.066) |
| Tenure | 0.009 | 0.004 (0.006) | −0.010 (0.013) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.015) | 0.015 (0.020) |
| Tenure2/100 | −0.004 | 0.003 (0.014) | 0.022 (0.032) | 0.000 (0.034) | −0.016 (0.031) | −0.004 (0.038) | −0.005 (0.052) |
| Master | −0.025 | −0.038 (0.058) | 0.069 (0.165) | −0.053 (0.133) | −0.051 (0.098) | −0.028 (0.110) | 0.048 (0.286) |
| PhD | −0.063 | 0.122 | 0.195 | 0.119 (0.078) | 0.088 (0.073) | 0.098 (0.062) | 0.101 (0.136) |
| Couple | 0.057 | 0.063 | 0.069 (0.060) | 0.028 (0.076) | 0.173 | −0.011 (0.075) | 0.243 |
| −0.007 | 0.011 (0.025) | −0.012 (0.021) | 0.071 | −0.001 (0.041) | 0.084 (0.066) | −0.057 (0.051) | |
| Fixed term | −0.097 | −0.166 | −0.344 | 0.036 (0.101) | −0.069 (0.090) | −0.139 (0.111) | −0.260 (0.263) |
| Part-time | −0.184 | −0.128 | −0.078 (0.127) | −0.192 (0.159) | −0.045 (0.149) | −0.098 (0.133) | 0.003 (0.478) |
| 100–499 | 0.109 | 0.139 | 0.053 (0.071) | 0.063 (0.114) | 0.075 (0.095) | 0.279 | −0.062 (0.241) |
| >499 | 0.215 | 0.128 | 0.160 | 0.132 (0.096) | 0.104 | 0.157 | 0.131 (0.157) |
| 11,798 | 4,086 | 774 | 645 | 811 | 870 | 210 | |
| Gender | −0.221 | −0.263 | −0.352 | −0.126 (0.078) | −0.244 | −0.302 | −0.214 |
| Adjusted | |||||||
| Gender | −0.187 | −0.140 | −0.244 | −0.162 | −0.198 | −0.076 | −0.172 |
| Experience | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.015 (0.012) | 0.012 (0.014) | 0.019 (0.017) | 0.029 | 0.043 |
| Experience2/100 | −0.023 | −0.024 | 0.002 (0.027) | −0.019 (0.028) | −0.034 (0.033) | −0.040 | −0.046 (0.031) |
| Tenure | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.036 | 0.041 | 0.032 | 0.022 | 0.023 |
| Tenure2/100 | −0.014 | −0.052 | −0.090 | −0.076 | −0.059 | −0.038 (0.024) | −0.054 |
| Master | −0.142 | 0.252 | 0.035 (0.116) | 0.179 | 0.332 | 0.286 | 0.180 (0.110) |
| PhD | −0.107 | 0.243 | 0.227 | 0.259 | 0.393 | 0.329 | 0.063 (0.057) |
| Couple | 0.070 | 0.014 (0.030) | 0.039 (0.083) | −0.025 (0.086) | 0.038 (0.080) | 0.042 (0.042) | −0.027 (0.081) |
| −0.028 | 0.023 | 0.035 (0.027) | −0.058 | −0.040 (0.026) | 0.036 | 0.099 | |
| Temporary | −0.176 | −0.095 | −0.189 | 0.084 (0.093) | 0.003 (0.121) | −0.156 | −0.125 (0.091) |
| Part-time | −0.141 | −0.216 | −0.222 | −0.254 | −0.151 (0.108) | −0.276 | −0.276 |
| 100–499 | 0.137 | 0.118 | 0.193 | −0.026 (0.115) | 0.119 (0.086) | 0.068 (0.055) | 0.268 |
| >499 | 0.236 | 0.159 | 0.149 | 0.067 (0.085) | 0.115 | 0.164 | 0.147 |
| 10,999 | 4,328 | 731 | 645 | 559 | 1,817 | 294 | |
Panel A: OLS estimation with robust and cluster errors. Sample stands for the whole sample, Eng for engineering, Hum for humanities, EcoLaw for economics and law and Exp for experimental sciences. 100–499 and > 499 sizes of the firm (number of workers). The coefficients of occupation, sector and year are not presented for the brevity of exposition. Standard errors are in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p; < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; Panel B: OLS estimation with robust and cluster errors. Sample stands for the whole sample, Eng stands for engineering, Hum for humanities, EcoLaw for economics and law and Exp for experimental sciences. 100–499 and >499 sizes of the firm (number of workers). The coefficients of occupation and sector are not presented for brevity of exposition. Standard errors are in parentheses. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
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