Table 1.

Long and short run models’ variables

VariableUnitsDefinitionMean
Short-run model (12,275 parents) 
Household sizeindividualsNumber of individuals in the household3.82
Household childrenindividualsNumber of children below 15 years old in the household1.75
Children under 30 / 1Having children between 0 and 3 years old0.310
Couple status Three categories for the couple 
Non couple0 / 1Living without a couple0.107
Non-working couple0 / 1Living with a nonworking couple0.182
Working couple0 / 1Living with a working couple0.711
Labor force rate0 / 1Participating in the labor force0.898
Work0 / 1Being employed0.799
Full-time0 / 1Being a full-time worker0.857
Hours worked0 / 1Annual hours worked3,665.3
Women0 / 1If the individual is a mother0.5247
AgeYearsAge of the individual41.06
Childcare categories Four categories for childcare 
Childcare restrictions0 / 1Not using childcare services because they are too expensive or inaccessible0.0908
Parents childcare0 / 1Parents do not need childcare services because they do it0.484
Family support0 / 1Parents do not need childcare services because relatives do it0.213
Childcare services0 / 1Parents use professional childcare services0.212
Spanish0 / 1Having spanish citizenship0.908
Education Level of education 
Primary0 / 1Primary education0.049
Secondary0 / 1Secondary education0.485
Tertiary0 / 1Tertiary education0.407
Post tertiary0 / 1Post tertiary education0.0571
Working flexibility0 / 1Possibility to adjust the working schedule due to childcare0.304
Economic activity0 / 1Working in agriculture, industry of services 
Agriculture0 / 1Agricultural sector0.041
Manufacture0 / 1Manufacturing sector0.146
Service0 / 1Construction, transport, and services0.813
Occupation0 / 1Occupational categories 
Director0 / 1Directors and managers0.059
Scientific0 / 1Scientific and intellectual professionals0.223
Technician0 / 1Technicians and support professionals0.127
Office0 / 1Office employees0.225
Sale0 / 1Service and sales workers0.023
Agricultural0 / 1Agricultural and fishing workers0.133
Craftsmen0 / 1Craftsmen and workers in manufacturing and construction industries0.153
Operator0 / 1Machine operators and assemblers0.049
Army0 / 1Army occupations0.008
Professional situation0 / 1Professional situation 
Employer0 / 1Entrepreneur with employees0.059
Independent0 / 1Independent workers or entrepreneurs without employees0.101
Public0 / 1Public sector employee0.186
Private0 / 1Private sector employee0.652
Another0 / 1Another situation0.002
Long-run model (2,103 female parents)
Labor force rate0 / 1Participating in the labor force0.795
Work0 / 1Being employed0.709
Full-time0 / 1Being a full-time worker0.825
Hours worked0 / 1Annual hours worked3,243.3
AgeYearsAge of the individual52.6
Spanish0 / 1Having spanish citizenship0.975
Education Level of education 
Primary0 / 1Primary education0.048
Secondary0 / 1Secondary education0.543
Tertiary0 / 1Tertiary education0.361
Post tertiary0 / 1Post tertiary education0.046
Working interruption Total time of working interruption due to childcare 
less 6 months0 / 1Less than 6 months0.497
6 months to 1 year0 / 1More than 6 months and less than 1 year0.178
1 to 2 years0 / 1More than 1 year and less than 2 years0.082
More than 2 years0 / 1More than 2 years0.243
Household sizeindividualsNumber of individuals in the household3.50
Couple status Three categories for the couple 
Noncouple0 / 1Living without a couple0.275
Nonworking couple0 / 1Living with a nonworking couple0.182
Working couple0 / 1Living with a working couple0.542
Economic activity0 / 1Working in agriculture, industry of services 
Agriculture0 / 1Agricultural sector0.021
Manufacture0 / 1Manufacturing sector0.072
Service0 / 1Construction, transport, and services0.906
Occupation0 / 1Occupational categories 
Director0 / 1Directors and managers0.032
Scientific0 / 1Scientific and intellectual professionals0.254
Technician0 / 1Technicians and support professionals0.199
Office0 / 1Office employees0.281
Sale0 / 1Service and sales workers0.007
Agricultural0 / 1Agricultural and fishing workers0.026
Craftsmen0 / 1Craftsmen and workers in manufacturing and construction industries0.176
Operator0 / 1Machine operators and assemblers0.021
Army0 / 1Army occupations0.000
Professional situation0 / 1Professional situation 
Employer0 / 1Entrepreneur with employees0.037
Independent0 / 1Independent workers or entrepreneurs without employees0.069
Public0 / 1Public sector employee0.376
Private0 / 1Private sector employee0.508
Another0 / 1Another situation0.007

Source:

Authors’ own creation using data from the 2018 Special Spanish Labor Force Module: Balance between work and family life

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