Table 3 The effect of imports from...

Table 3

The effect of imports from countries with different IPRP levels on GVC participation

Dependent variable: 3rd country exports (T_EXP_ijt)
Partner countries’ IPRP level	High IPRP	Medium IPRP	Low IPRP
Log(IMP_ijt)	0.018^*** (0.004)	0.002^* (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)
Log((TRADE_ijt)/GDP_jt)	0.044^*** (0.005)	0.023^*** (0.002)	0.012^*** (0.003)
Log(POP_it)	1.502^*** (0.089)	1.730^*** (0.064)	1.532^*** (0.095)
Constant	−6.908^*** (1.423)	−9.805^*** (0.965)	−6.242^*** (1.346)
Observations	4,321	8,658	4,345

Dependent variable: 3rd country exports (T_EXP_ijt)
Partner countries’ IPRP level	High IPRP	Medium IPRP	Low IPRP
Log(IMP_ijt)	0.018^*** (0.004)	0.002^* (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)
Log((TRADE_ijt)/GDP_jt)	0.044^*** (0.005)	0.023^*** (0.002)	0.012^*** (0.003)
Log(POP_it)	1.502^*** (0.089)	1.730^*** (0.064)	1.532^*** (0.095)
Constant	−6.908^*** (1.423)	−9.805^*** (0.965)	−6.242^*** (1.346)
Observations	4,321	8,658	4,345

Note(s): ^aStandard error in parentheses

^bAs a dependent variable, 3rd country exports mean exports to all partner countries regardless of their IPR protection level, only independent variables related to partner countries who are grouped by level

^cThe model considers all region, country, and year fixed effects

^d ^*p < 0.1; ^**p 0.05; ^***p < 0.01

Source(s): The authors

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