Table 1 Actors involved in the system of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Actors involved in the system of container terminal cluster

Actor	Interest	Conflict	Situations and gaps that are occurring or are expected to occur	Cause of problems
Government of Indonesia	Local economic development, community welfare, and a clean environment	Economic development versus regulation compliance	There is a need for appropriate decarbonization policies to be implemented at container terminal clusters	High emission levels from container terminal activities, the obligation to use low-sulfur fuel, and economic and social aspects all must be considered
Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta	Local economic development, community welfare, and a clean environment	Urban development versus environmental sustainability	The air in Jakarta contains relatively high levels of Sox	Port activities, particularly the activities of ships docked at ports, generate considerable levels of emissions
The International Maritime Organization	Clean environment	Emissions reduction versus low-emission fuel price	Various efforts have been made to reduce emissions, but it still faces multiple obstacles	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive, and there are costs for adapting ships to use new fuel
Tanjung Priok Port Authority	Port development and a clean environment	Port development versus environmental sustainability	There is a potential decrease in the volume of import and export goods	Increased costs that companies and customers must incur due to the adoption of low-sulfur fuel
PT Pelabuhan Indonesia or Indonesian Port Company	Affordable prices, business benefits, and port development progress	Port development versus increasing operational costs	Increased operating costs following the implementation of the low-sulfur fuel policy	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive, and there are costs for adapting ships to new fuel
Container Terminal Companies	Business profit and port development	Business growth versus environmental sustainability	Each year, a new target is set for increasing the flow of containers; however, the resulting levels of emissions generated by these goals are very high	No decarbonization policy has considered the economic and social aspects, which is applied to the container terminal cluster
Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs	Port development and a clean environment	Port development versus regulatory compliance	There is pressure to implement the latest policies, even though they generate various obstacles, especially for ports and shipping companies	Port and shipping companies must adjust to the use of low-sulfur fuel, which has the potential to increase port and shipping company expenses and shipping rates
Ministry of Transportation	Relations with international maritime organizations, port development progress, and a clean environment	Regulatory compliance versus shipping companies’ interests	There is increasing pressure to adopt a low-sulfur fuel policy	Port and shipping companies must adjust to the use of low-sulfur fuel, which has the potential to increase port and shipping company expenses and shipping rates
Pertamina	Business profit and a clean environment	Regulatory compliance versus cost competitiveness	The company succeeded in producing low-sulfur fuel by the established policy standards, but this fuel is more expensive than fuel with high sulfur content	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive to produce, and therefore, the sale price of the product will also increase
Container Companies	Business profit	Global competitiveness versus regulatory compliance	Container companies experienced a significant increase in spending	The necessity of using low-sulfur fuel, which is more expensive
Port Workers	Clean environment and community welfare	Welfare versus high emissions produced by ports	Workers work in an environment where air pollution is high enough to endanger their health	Port activities that generate emissions, mainly from ships while in port
Indonesian Citizens	Affordable prices, a clean environment, and community welfare	Affordable service price versus regulatory compliance	Increased costs in the delivery and transportation of goods due to the adoption of low-sulfur fuel	The use of low-sulfur fuel results in higher prices, and therefore, container rates for fuel are applied to customers

Actor	Interest	Conflict	Situations and gaps that are occurring or are expected to occur	Cause of problems
Government of Indonesia	Local economic development, community welfare, and a clean environment	Economic development versus regulation compliance	There is a need for appropriate decarbonization policies to be implemented at container terminal clusters	High emission levels from container terminal activities, the obligation to use low-sulfur fuel, and economic and social aspects all must be considered
Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta	Local economic development, community welfare, and a clean environment	Urban development versus environmental sustainability	The air in Jakarta contains relatively high levels of Sox	Port activities, particularly the activities of ships docked at ports, generate considerable levels of emissions
The International Maritime Organization	Clean environment	Emissions reduction versus low-emission fuel price	Various efforts have been made to reduce emissions, but it still faces multiple obstacles	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive, and there are costs for adapting ships to use new fuel
Tanjung Priok Port Authority	Port development and a clean environment	Port development versus environmental sustainability	There is a potential decrease in the volume of import and export goods	Increased costs that companies and customers must incur due to the adoption of low-sulfur fuel
PT Pelabuhan Indonesia or Indonesian Port Company	Affordable prices, business benefits, and port development progress	Port development versus increasing operational costs	Increased operating costs following the implementation of the low-sulfur fuel policy	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive, and there are costs for adapting ships to new fuel
Container Terminal Companies	Business profit and port development	Business growth versus environmental sustainability	Each year, a new target is set for increasing the flow of containers; however, the resulting levels of emissions generated by these goals are very high	No decarbonization policy has considered the economic and social aspects, which is applied to the container terminal cluster
Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs	Port development and a clean environment	Port development versus regulatory compliance	There is pressure to implement the latest policies, even though they generate various obstacles, especially for ports and shipping companies	Port and shipping companies must adjust to the use of low-sulfur fuel, which has the potential to increase port and shipping company expenses and shipping rates
Ministry of Transportation	Relations with international maritime organizations, port development progress, and a clean environment	Regulatory compliance versus shipping companies’ interests	There is increasing pressure to adopt a low-sulfur fuel policy	Port and shipping companies must adjust to the use of low-sulfur fuel, which has the potential to increase port and shipping company expenses and shipping rates
Pertamina	Business profit and a clean environment	Regulatory compliance versus cost competitiveness	The company succeeded in producing low-sulfur fuel by the established policy standards, but this fuel is more expensive than fuel with high sulfur content	Low-sulfur fuel is more expensive to produce, and therefore, the sale price of the product will also increase
Container Companies	Business profit	Global competitiveness versus regulatory compliance	Container companies experienced a significant increase in spending	The necessity of using low-sulfur fuel, which is more expensive
Port Workers	Clean environment and community welfare	Welfare versus high emissions produced by ports	Workers work in an environment where air pollution is high enough to endanger their health	Port activities that generate emissions, mainly from ships while in port
Indonesian Citizens	Affordable prices, a clean environment, and community welfare	Affordable service price versus regulatory compliance	Increased costs in the delivery and transportation of goods due to the adoption of low-sulfur fuel	The use of low-sulfur fuel results in higher prices, and therefore, container rates for fuel are applied to customers

Source(s): Authors’ own work