Table 3 Unit root test Levin, lin and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Unit root test

	Levin, lin and chu		Im, pesaran and shin		Decision
Variable	At level	At difference	At level	At difference
POV	2.155	−2.16**	3.766	−3.847***	I(1)
PCY	0.396	−2.41***	1.758	−1.74**	I(1)
GOR	−3.786***	−8.014***	−2.839***	−5.624***	I(0)
POP	0.298	−3.238***	3.709	−3.282***	I(1)
TOR	3.497	−3.253***	0.192	−2.673***	I(1)
TRADE	0.165	−6.681***	−0.027	−2.889***	I(1)
INF	−0.064	−3.027***	1.681	−1.762**	I(1)

	Levin, lin and chu		Im, pesaran and shin		Decision
Variable	At level	At difference	At level	At difference
POV	2.155	−2.16**	3.766	−3.847***	I(1)
PCY	0.396	−2.41***	1.758	−1.74**	I(1)
GOR	−3.786***	−8.014***	−2.839***	−5.624***	I(0)
POP	0.298	−3.238***	3.709	−3.282***	I(1)
TOR	3.497	−3.253***	0.192	−2.673***	I(1)
TRADE	0.165	−6.681***	−0.027	−2.889***	I(1)
INF	−0.064	−3.027***	1.681	−1.762**	I(1)

Note(s): *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Author's calculation