Table 1 Human–AI resource relations and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Human–AI resource relations and cyborg intentionality in value cocreation

Relation	Examples of the human–AI resource relations in value cocreation
Technology-meditated intentionality
Background	AI-powered personal assistants: These assistants are designed to perform tasks on behalf of their users automatically, such as scheduling appointments and sending reminders. By taking care of these routine tasks, AI-powered personal assistants free up time for humans to focus on more important tasks Predictive maintenance systems: These AI systems are used in manufacturing plants and other industrial settings to monitor equipment and predict when maintenance is needed. By detecting potential issues before they become major problems, predictive maintenance systems allow humans to take proactive measures and prevent downtime
Embodiment	Sleep and activity trackers: These devices are physically integrated into the human body. They track sleep and activity patterns and by analyzing the data extend the human body’s capabilities. They make it easier to track health and wellness, and provide real-time information and feedback, which influences human decision making and experience Smart clothing: This technology integrates sensors, conductive materials, and wireless communication to create clothing that can sense and react to the wearer and its environment. Smart clothing can be used in a variety of contexts, from athletic performance tracking to medical monitoring, rehabilitation and personal protection
Hermeneutic	Financial analysis: AI is used to analyze vast amounts of financial data and generate predictions and recommendations for investment decisions. This human–AI hermeneutic resource relation allows for more effective and efficient investment strategies, while also ensuring that human judgment and decision-making remain central to the process Personalized education: AI systems can analyze student performance data and generate personalized recommendations and resources to help students achieve their learning goals. This human–AI hermeneutic resource relationship allows for more personalized and effective learning experiences, while also ensuring that human educators remain central to the process
Alterity	Service robots: Humans engage with service robots as if they possessed human-like intentions and capabilities. Typical to human–AI alterity resource relation, service robots appear to exert agency over their environment on behalf of the humans interacting with them Autonomous vehicles: Various autonomous vehicles are able to navigate and respond to their environment. As a result, people can rely on them as drivers freeing humans to focus on other tasks
Hybrid intentionality
Cyborg	Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): This technology allows humans to control various technologies using their thoughts, thereby blurring the boundary between human and technology. Humans can control, for instance, prosthetic limbs, computers or even wheelchairs with BCIs. This human–AI cyborg resource relation allows humans to achieve greater control over their environment while reshaping our very understanding of what it means to be human Implantable medical devices: AI algorithms may be used to monitor and regulate the function of internal organs, thereby transforming human health. Individuals may have implantable devices that monitor their health in real-time and adjust their activities accordingly. For instance, an individual with a heart condition may have a device that monitors their heart rate and uses AI to detect and prevent dangerous arrhythmias. This human–AI cyborg resource relation allows individuals to maintain their health and well-being, while also relying on technology to do so, offering new avenues for controlling and managing human health
Augmented intentionality
Immersion	Smart homes: AI technology can create a completely personalized and immersive environment for humans. By analyzing previous behavior and preferences, AI can adjust lighting, temperature, and music, making the living space responsive to the inhabitant’s needs. Additionally, AI can interact with humans through voice-activated commands, assisting with daily activities and providing a responsive environment that makes living more efficient and enjoyable AI-powered virtual reality: When VR is powered by AI algorithms, there is an entirely new world for humans to explore. The environment generated by AI is incredibly realistic, and intelligent virtual characters respond to human behavior, enhancing the immersive experience. The line between reality and virtual reality becomes blurred as the interactive and responsive environment mimics the real world
Composite intentionality
Composite	Generative AI: The field of generative AI allows humans and machines to collaborate and create new forms of art, music and research. A musician, for example, can use an AI system to generate new melodies, and then modify and expand upon them to produce a unique, hybrid composition that blends the human touch with machine-generated creativity Medical diagnosis: In some medical specialties, such as radiology, AI systems are used to aid human doctors in making diagnoses. The AI system analyzes medical images and provides suggestions to the doctor, who then makes the final decision based on their medical knowledge and expertise. This human–AI composite resource relation results in a collaborative diagnosis that combines the strengths of both human and machine input, ultimately leading to more accurate diagnoses and improved patient outcomes

Relation	Examples of the human–AI resource relations in value cocreation
Technology-meditated intentionality
Background	AI-powered personal assistants: These assistants are designed to perform tasks on behalf of their users automatically, such as scheduling appointments and sending reminders. By taking care of these routine tasks, AI-powered personal assistants free up time for humans to focus on more important tasksPredictive maintenance systems: These AI systems are used in manufacturing plants and other industrial settings to monitor equipment and predict when maintenance is needed. By detecting potential issues before they become major problems, predictive maintenance systems allow humans to take proactive measures and prevent downtime
Embodiment	Sleep and activity trackers: These devices are physically integrated into the human body. They track sleep and activity patterns and by analyzing the data extend the human body’s capabilities. They make it easier to track health and wellness, and provide real-time information and feedback, which influences human decision making and experienceSmart clothing: This technology integrates sensors, conductive materials, and wireless communication to create clothing that can sense and react to the wearer and its environment. Smart clothing can be used in a variety of contexts, from athletic performance tracking to medical monitoring, rehabilitation and personal protection
Hermeneutic	Financial analysis: AI is used to analyze vast amounts of financial data and generate predictions and recommendations for investment decisions. This human–AI hermeneutic resource relation allows for more effective and efficient investment strategies, while also ensuring that human judgment and decision-making remain central to the processPersonalized education: AI systems can analyze student performance data and generate personalized recommendations and resources to help students achieve their learning goals. This human–AI hermeneutic resource relationship allows for more personalized and effective learning experiences, while also ensuring that human educators remain central to the process
Alterity	Service robots: Humans engage with service robots as if they possessed human-like intentions and capabilities. Typical to human–AI alterity resource relation, service robots appear to exert agency over their environment on behalf of the humans interacting with themAutonomous vehicles: Various autonomous vehicles are able to navigate and respond to their environment. As a result, people can rely on them as drivers freeing humans to focus on other tasks
Hybrid intentionality
Cyborg	Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): This technology allows humans to control various technologies using their thoughts, thereby blurring the boundary between human and technology. Humans can control, for instance, prosthetic limbs, computers or even wheelchairs with BCIs. This human–AI cyborg resource relation allows humans to achieve greater control over their environment while reshaping our very understanding of what it means to be humanImplantable medical devices: AI algorithms may be used to monitor and regulate the function of internal organs, thereby transforming human health. Individuals may have implantable devices that monitor their health in real-time and adjust their activities accordingly. For instance, an individual with a heart condition may have a device that monitors their heart rate and uses AI to detect and prevent dangerous arrhythmias. This human–AI cyborg resource relation allows individuals to maintain their health and well-being, while also relying on technology to do so, offering new avenues for controlling and managing human health
Augmented intentionality
Immersion	Smart homes: AI technology can create a completely personalized and immersive environment for humans. By analyzing previous behavior and preferences, AI can adjust lighting, temperature, and music, making the living space responsive to the inhabitant’s needs. Additionally, AI can interact with humans through voice-activated commands, assisting with daily activities and providing a responsive environment that makes living more efficient and enjoyableAI-powered virtual reality: When VR is powered by AI algorithms, there is an entirely new world for humans to explore. The environment generated by AI is incredibly realistic, and intelligent virtual characters respond to human behavior, enhancing the immersive experience. The line between reality and virtual reality becomes blurred as the interactive and responsive environment mimics the real world
Composite intentionality
Composite	Generative AI: The field of generative AI allows humans and machines to collaborate and create new forms of art, music and research. A musician, for example, can use an AI system to generate new melodies, and then modify and expand upon them to produce a unique, hybrid composition that blends the human touch with machine-generated creativityMedical diagnosis: In some medical specialties, such as radiology, AI systems are used to aid human doctors in making diagnoses. The AI system analyzes medical images and provides suggestions to the doctor, who then makes the final decision based on their medical knowledge and expertise. This human–AI composite resource relation results in a collaborative diagnosis that combines the strengths of both human and machine input, ultimately leading to more accurate diagnoses and improved patient outcomes

Source(s): The content of the table was created by the authors, utilizing OpenAI’s ChatGPT for original ideation