Table 1.

Altman’s Z score variables description

VariablesDescription
X1 = Working Capital/Total Assets (WCTA)It assesses the liquidity status of a company
X2 = Retained Earnings/Total Assets (RETA)It evaluates the overall profitability and leverage of a company over a period of time
X3 = Earnings before Interest and Taxes/Total Assets (EBITTA)It measures the firm’s asset productivity
X4 = Market Value of Equity/Book Value of Total Liabilities (MVBTL)It measures a company’s assets’ relative worth and overall liabilities
X5 = Sales/Total Assets (SalesTA)It measures the earning capacity of a firm to total assets
Z = overall indexThe lower the Z score, the higher the risk of financial distress
Source: Researchers’ compilation

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal