Table 1 List of L4.0 barriers along with... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

List of L4.0 barriers along with their description and references

Sr. no.	Barriers	Description	References
1	High costs of Implementation	The initial investment needed for I4.0 technologies like data infrastructure, automation systems and IoT devices can be costly to implement, the Lean	Salonitis and Tsinopoulos (2016)
2	Integration with existing systems	Complex challenges with Lean integration may arise from incompatibilities among I4.0, L4.0 and existing systems	Abu et al. (2019)
3	Regulatory and compliance challenges	The adoption of I4.0 technologies may be hampered by the need to comply with numerous laws regarding data privacy, safety and environmental norms during L4.0 digitalization	Abu et al. (2019)
4	Lack of infrastructure	The implementation of L4.0, along with I4.0, may be hindered by inadequate technological or physical infrastructure, such as sensors, Internet access and computing	Moktadir et al. (2018)
5	Lack of skilled workforce in I4.0 technology	A lack of personnel with the technical skills to manage and operate I4.0 technologies may delay or prevent effective L4.0 implementation	Frecassetti et al. (2024), Moktadir et al. (2018)
6	Lack of understanding about L4.0 and I4.0	The lack of understanding of L4.0 with I4.0 technologies reveals how their integration can complement one another to increase productivity and operational efficiency	Belhadi et al. (2017), Kumar et al. (2021), Salonitis and Tsinopoulos (2016), Zhang et al. (2017)
7	Failure to prioritize L.4 tools and practices	Inefficiencies and lost chances for development may arise from a failure to prioritize the application of L4.0 approaches along with I4.0 technologies	Lodgaard et al. (2016)
8	Cybersecurity concerns	L4.0 and I4.0 integration may lead to an increased risk of cyberattacks, data breaches and other security flaws with the adoption of connected devices and data sharing	Moktadir et al. (2018)
9	Resistance to change	Management or staff may be reluctant to embrace L4.0 and I4.0-led new procedures or technology out of concern for disruption, loss of employment or inexperience with the new systems	Vigneshvaran and Vinodh (2021)
10	Limited knowledge of I4.0 technology	Organizations or executives might not be completely aware of the potential of L4.0 and I4.0 technology integration, which leaves them without a clear plan or vision for how to use it	Moktadir et al. (2018)

Sr. no.	Barriers	Description	References
1	High costs of Implementation	The initial investment needed for I4.0 technologies like data infrastructure, automation systems and IoT devices can be costly to implement, the Lean	Salonitis and Tsinopoulos (2016)
2	Integration with existing systems	Complex challenges with Lean integration may arise from incompatibilities among I4.0, L4.0 and existing systems	Abu et al. (2019)
3	Regulatory and compliance challenges	The adoption of I4.0 technologies may be hampered by the need to comply with numerous laws regarding data privacy, safety and environmental norms during L4.0 digitalization	Abu et al. (2019)
4	Lack of infrastructure	The implementation of L4.0, along with I4.0, may be hindered by inadequate technological or physical infrastructure, such as sensors, Internet access and computing	Moktadir et al. (2018)
5	Lack of skilled workforce in I4.0 technology	A lack of personnel with the technical skills to manage and operate I4.0 technologies may delay or prevent effective L4.0 implementation	Frecassetti et al. (2024), Moktadir et al. (2018)
6	Lack of understanding about L4.0 and I4.0	The lack of understanding of L4.0 with I4.0 technologies reveals how their integration can complement one another to increase productivity and operational efficiency	Belhadi et al. (2017), Kumar et al. (2021), Salonitis and Tsinopoulos (2016), Zhang et al. (2017)
7	Failure to prioritize L.4 tools and practices	Inefficiencies and lost chances for development may arise from a failure to prioritize the application of L4.0 approaches along with I4.0 technologies	Lodgaard et al. (2016)
8	Cybersecurity concerns	L4.0 and I4.0 integration may lead to an increased risk of cyberattacks, data breaches and other security flaws with the adoption of connected devices and data sharing	Moktadir et al. (2018)
9	Resistance to change	Management or staff may be reluctant to embrace L4.0 and I4.0-led new procedures or technology out of concern for disruption, loss of employment or inexperience with the new systems	Vigneshvaran and Vinodh (2021)
10	Limited knowledge of I4.0 technology	Organizations or executives might not be completely aware of the potential of L4.0 and I4.0 technology integration, which leaves them without a clear plan or vision for how to use it	Moktadir et al. (2018)

Source(s): Table by authors