Table 1 Public value dimensions and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Public value dimensions and relevant measures from the Worldwide Governance Indicator database

Public Value Dimension	Description	Item examples (Government behaviour)	Relevant measures in the WGI database
Moral-ethical	- Based on need for self-worth and dignity - Related to subjective moral and ethical standards of how humans should be treated - Striving for equality, fairness, and ethicality	- Behaves decently - Is fair - Acts ethically correct - Is just - Respects the human dignity of individuals	Indicator: - Voice and Accountability Coverage: - Human Rights, Civil Liberties - Respect for the rights and freedoms of minorities (ethnic, religious, linguistic, immigrants...)
Hedonistic-aesthetical	- Based on individuals’ need and motivation to avoid pain and maximize pleasure - Ranges from basic need to survive to positive hedonistic experiences - Strives for happiness, joy, relaxation, beauty	- Contributes to the quality of life - Is enjoyable for people - Is pleasant for people - Contributes to the happiness of the people - Contributes to the well-being of the people	Indicator: - Government Effectiveness Coverage: - Satisfaction with public transportation system - Satisfaction with roads and highways - Satisfaction with education system
Utilitarian-instrumental	- Based on need to understand, predict and control environment - Strives for utility, efficiency, and effectivity - Also encompasses subjectively perceived financial or economic value	- Performs well in its core business - Is economically viable - Is professionally recognized - Contributes to economic welfare - Provides good quality to people	Indicator: - Government Effectiveness Coverage: - Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness - Public school, basic health services, drinking water and sanitation, electricity grid, transport infrastructure, and waste disposal
Political-social	- Based on need for social relatedness and belonging - Strives for positive relationships, social identity, or group membership - Ranges from belonging to cooperation and solidarity	- Contributes to social cohesion - Creates a community - Has a positive effect on social relationships - Contributes to solidarity - Contributes to cooperation	Indicator: - Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism Coverage: - Social unrest - Intensity of internal conflicts, intensity of violent activities, intensity of social conflicts - Ethnic tensions, civil war

Public Value Dimension	Description	Item examples (Government behaviour)	Relevant measures in the WGI database
Moral-ethical	- Based on need for self-worth and dignity - Related to subjective moral and ethical standards of how humans should be treated - Striving for equality, fairness, and ethicality	- Behaves decently - Is fair - Acts ethically correct - Is just - Respects the human dignity of individuals	Indicator:- Voice and Accountability Coverage:- Human Rights, Civil Liberties - Respect for the rights and freedoms of minorities (ethnic, religious, linguistic, immigrants...)
Hedonistic-aesthetical	- Based on individuals’ need and motivation to avoid pain and maximize pleasure - Ranges from basic need to survive to positive hedonistic experiences - Strives for happiness, joy, relaxation, beauty	- Contributes to the quality of life - Is enjoyable for people - Is pleasant for people - Contributes to the happiness of the people - Contributes to the well-being of the people	Indicator:- Government Effectiveness Coverage:- Satisfaction with public transportation system - Satisfaction with roads and highways - Satisfaction with education system
Utilitarian-instrumental	- Based on need to understand, predict and control environment - Strives for utility, efficiency, and effectivity - Also encompasses subjectively perceived financial or economic value	- Performs well in its core business - Is economically viable - Is professionally recognized - Contributes to economic welfare - Provides good quality to people	Indicator:- Government Effectiveness Coverage:- Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness - Public school, basic health services, drinking water and sanitation, electricity grid, transport infrastructure, and waste disposal
Political-social	- Based on need for social relatedness and belonging - Strives for positive relationships, social identity, or group membership - Ranges from belonging to cooperation and solidarity	- Contributes to social cohesion - Creates a community - Has a positive effect on social relationships - Contributes to solidarity - Contributes to cooperation	Indicator:- Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism Coverage:- Social unrest - Intensity of internal conflicts, intensity of violent activities, intensity of social conflicts - Ethnic tensions, civil war

Source: Authors’ elaboration adapted from Meynhardt and Jasinenko (2020)