Categorization of Skills, Keywords, and Sources.
| Category | Source of the Category | Keywords/Expressions | Source of Keywords/Expressions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Skills | |||
| Cognitive skills (narrow sense) | DK (2018) | Problem solving, research, analytical, critical thinking, math, statistics | DK (2018) |
| Mathematics, adaptability, direction, control, planning | ALM (2003) (from nonroutine analytic tasks) | ||
| Data analysis, data engineering, data modelling, data visualization, data mining, data science, predictive analytics, predictive models | DN (2020) | ||
| Analyse, design, devising rule, evaluate, interpreting rule, sketch | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine analytic tasks) | ||
| Calculation | ALM (2003) (from routine analytic tasks) | ||
| Bookkeeping, correcting, measurement | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from routine cognitive tasks) | ||
| Information processing, decision making, generation of ideas, memory | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Computer (general) skills | DK (2018) | Computer, spreadsheets, common software, Excel, PowerPoint | DK (2018) |
| Computer literacy, Internet skills, Word, Outlook, Office, Windows | DN (2020) | ||
| Software (specific) skills and technical support | DK (2018) & DN (2020) | Programming language or specialized software, Java, SQL, Python | DK (2018) |
| Computer installation, computer repair, computer maintenance, computer troubleshooting, web development, site design | DN (2020) | ||
| Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence | DK (2018) DN (2020) | Artificial intelligence, machine learning, decision trees, apache hadoop, Bayesian Networks, Automation Tools, Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Supervised learning, TensorFlow, MapReduce, Splunk, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Cluster Analysis | DN (2020) |
| Financial skills | DK (2018) | Budgeting, accounting, finance, cost | DK (2018) |
| Writing skills | DK (2018) | Writing | DK (2018) |
| Editing, reports, proposals | DN (2020) | ||
| Project management skills | DK (2018) | Project management | DK (2018) |
| Socioemotional Skills | |||
| Character skills (conscientious-ness, emotional stability and openness to experience) | DK (2018) | Organized, detail oriented, multitasking, time management, meeting deadlines, energetic | DK (2018) |
| Self-starter, initiative, self-motivated | DN (2020) | ||
| Competent, achieving, hardworking, reliable, punctual, resistant to stress, creative, independent | KBHT (2016), HK (2012) | ||
| Social skills (including agreeableness and extraversion) | DK (2018) | Communication, teamwork, collaboration, negotiation, presentation | DK (2018) |
| Team, persuasion, listening | DN (2020) | ||
| Flexibility, empathy, assertiveness | KBHT (2016), HK (2012) | ||
| Advice, entertain, lobby, teaching | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine interactive tasks) | ||
| Interact with others, verbal abilities | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| People management skills | DK (2018) | Supervisory, leadership, management (not project), mentoring, staff | DK (2018) |
| Staff supervision, staff development, performance management, personnel management | DN (2020) | ||
| Customer service skills | DK (2018) | Customer, sales, client, patient | DK (2018) |
| Persuading, selling | ALM (2003) (from nonroutine analytic and interactive tasks) | ||
| Advertise, sell, buy, purchase | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine interactive tasks) | ||
| Repetitive customer service | ALM (2003) (from routine analytic and interactive tasks) | ||
| Manual Skills | |||
| Finger-dexterity skills | ALM (2003), under routine manual tasks | Picking, sorting, repetitive assembly, mixing ingredients, baking ingredients, sewing and decorative trimming, operating tabulating machines, packing agricultural produce | ALM (2003) |
| Control, equip, operate | S-O (2006), APST (2020) | ||
| Repetitive movements | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Hand-foot-eye coordination skills | ALM (2003), under nonroutine manual tasks | Attending cattle, attending other animals, driving to transport passengers, driving to transport charge, piloting airplanes, pruning and treating ornamental and shade trees, performing gymnastic feats, performing other sports requiring skill and balance | ALM (2003) |
| Accommodate, renovate, repair, restore, serving, cleaning | S-O (2006), APST (2020) | ||
| Reaction on time, fine manipulations | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Physical skills | O-NET Uruguay | Resistance, time dedicated to walking and running, carrying heavy loads | O-NET Uruguay |
| Category | Source of the Category | Keywords/Expressions | Source of Keywords/Expressions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive skills (narrow sense) | DK (2018) | Problem solving, research, analytical, critical thinking, math, statistics | DK (2018) |
| Mathematics, adaptability, direction, control, planning | ALM (2003) (from nonroutine analytic tasks) | ||
| Data analysis, data engineering, data modelling, data visualization, data mining, data science, predictive analytics, predictive models | DN (2020) | ||
| Analyse, design, devising rule, evaluate, interpreting rule, sketch | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine analytic tasks) | ||
| Calculation | ALM (2003) (from routine analytic tasks) | ||
| Bookkeeping, correcting, measurement | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from routine cognitive tasks) | ||
| Information processing, decision making, generation of ideas, memory | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Computer (general) skills | DK (2018) | Computer, spreadsheets, common software, Excel, PowerPoint | DK (2018) |
| Computer literacy, Internet skills, Word, Outlook, Office, Windows | DN (2020) | ||
| Software (specific) skills and technical support | DK (2018) & DN (2020) | Programming language or specialized software, Java, SQL, Python | DK (2018) |
| Computer installation, computer repair, computer maintenance, computer troubleshooting, web development, site design | DN (2020) | ||
| Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence | DK (2018) | Artificial intelligence, machine learning, decision trees, apache hadoop, Bayesian Networks, Automation Tools, Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines (SVM), Supervised learning, TensorFlow, MapReduce, Splunk, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Cluster Analysis | DN (2020) |
| Financial skills | DK (2018) | Budgeting, accounting, finance, cost | DK (2018) |
| Writing skills | DK (2018) | Writing | DK (2018) |
| Editing, reports, proposals | DN (2020) | ||
| Project management skills | DK (2018) | Project management | DK (2018) |
| Character skills (conscientious-ness, emotional stability and openness to experience) | DK (2018) | Organized, detail oriented, multitasking, time management, meeting deadlines, energetic | DK (2018) |
| Self-starter, initiative, self-motivated | DN (2020) | ||
| Competent, achieving, hardworking, reliable, punctual, resistant to stress, creative, independent | KBHT (2016), HK (2012) | ||
| Social skills (including agreeableness and extraversion) | DK (2018) | Communication, teamwork, collaboration, negotiation, presentation | DK (2018) |
| Team, persuasion, listening | DN (2020) | ||
| Flexibility, empathy, assertiveness | KBHT (2016), HK (2012) | ||
| Advice, entertain, lobby, teaching | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine interactive tasks) | ||
| Interact with others, verbal abilities | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| People management skills | DK (2018) | Supervisory, leadership, management (not project), mentoring, staff | DK (2018) |
| Staff supervision, staff development, performance management, personnel management | DN (2020) | ||
| Customer service skills | DK (2018) | Customer, sales, client, patient | DK (2018) |
| Persuading, selling | ALM (2003) (from nonroutine analytic and interactive tasks) | ||
| Advertise, sell, buy, purchase | S-O (2006), APST (2020) (from nonroutine interactive tasks) | ||
| Repetitive customer service | ALM (2003) (from routine analytic and interactive tasks) | ||
| Finger-dexterity skills | ALM (2003), under routine manual tasks | Picking, sorting, repetitive assembly, mixing ingredients, baking ingredients, sewing and decorative trimming, operating tabulating machines, packing agricultural produce | ALM (2003) |
| Control, equip, operate | S-O (2006), APST (2020) | ||
| Repetitive movements | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Hand-foot-eye coordination skills | ALM (2003), under nonroutine manual tasks | Attending cattle, attending other animals, driving to transport passengers, | ALM (2003) |
| Accommodate, renovate, repair, restore, serving, | S-O (2006), APST (2020) | ||
| Reaction on time, fine manipulations | O-NET Uruguay | ||
| Physical skills | O-NET Uruguay | Resistance, time dedicated to walking and running, | O-NET Uruguay |
Source: Authors' elaboration.
Notes: ALM (2003) stands for Autor et al. (2003), APST (2020) for Atalay et al. (2020), DK (2018) for Deming and Kahn (2018), DN (2020) for Deming and Noray (2020), HK (2018) for Hershbein and Kahn (2018), HK (2012) for Heckman and Kautz (2012), KBHT (2016) for Kureková et al. (2016), and S-O (2006) for Spitz-Oener (2006). The O-NET Uruguay pilot project, which so far captures 22 selected occupations only, is detailed in Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (2020) and Velardez (2021). The keywords used are meant to be the most comprehensive possible to provide appropriate definitions for categories and subcategories, but synonyms are not yet included at this stage. Even if some skills subcategories are closely related, the words used to categorize them are mutually exclusive. This allows for a unique identification of skills categories. Note also that within subcategories, some keywords are redundant (like “math” and “mathematics”). This simply means that more than one of the sources used that word to categorize the subcategory and has no repercussion for the implementation of our taxonomy as long as the repetition occurs within subcategories. Words in italics indicate keywords included by the authors of this article to complete existing definitions.
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