EC derived through literature review for CCDT
| Engineering characteristics | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| Public good | Open access to non-sensitive data (EC1) | Access to information on city-related issues without exposing the sensitive data of the person posting the issues (Nwogu et al., 2022) |
| Shared access with approved users (EC2) | Have specific access controls and restrictions on the use of data among providers and users (Haße et al., 2022) | |
| Standards | A vendor-neutral platform built based on an open Application Processing Interface (APIs) (EC3) | Integrating an API that conforms to the design architecture of the representational state transfer architectural style (Ibm, 2023) |
| User-friendly and easy of navigation graphical user interface (EC4) | Designed with clarity of the layout and easy to navigate between the layouts (Lim and Chin, 2023) | |
| Comment management automates comment analysis and is compliant with federal laws (EC5) | Trends in comments posted related to infrastructure (Xu et al., 2019; Bouchrika, 2023) | |
| Quality | Meet the minimum necessary data quality standard (EC6) | Meeting the requirements of ISO 8000, which is the global standard for Data Quality and Enterprise Master Data (Goknil et al., 2023) |
| Use of hardware camera (EC7) | To facilitate image capturing and object detection for assessing the impact of an issue (White et al., 2021; Han et al., 2019) | |
| Use of hardware GPS (EC8) | Tracking locations when posting issues (Han et al., 2019) | |
| Links to transportation APIs (EC9) | Integrating real-time location and transport information for public transport (Yoon and Park, 2022) | |
| Openness | Comprise open or shared data supported by open standards (ANZLIC, 2019) (EC10) | Use of CityGML, which is an open standardised data model to store 3D city models (Ruohomaki et al., 2018) |
| Security and privacy | Built based on security and privacy-preserving principles (EC11) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system (Damjanovic-Behrendt, 2018) |
| A standardized approach for authorization access to data (EC12) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system (Damjanovic-Behrendt, 2018) | |
| Provide access based on the user-defined role (EC13) | Privacy-Preserving Identity and Access Management for federated login (Damjanovic-Behrendt, 2018) | |
| Facilitate the protection of sensitive and confidential data (EC14) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system (Damjanovic-Behrendt, 2018) | |
| Curation | Have clear ownership to support the governance and ongoing developments (EC15) | The digital twin can be governed by the government, industry research or the community (ANZLIC, 2019) |
| Workflow automation (EC16) | Routing of submitted forms/labels/comments for departmental processing (Bouchrika, 2023) | |
| Adaptation | Data in CCDT can be managed in consistent, interoperable, cross-platform and platform-agnostic ways (EC17) | Integrating an API that conforms to the design architecture of the representational state transfer architectural style (Ibm, 2023) |
| Value | Facilitates data integration by allowing the upload of data coming from different sectors and institutes (EC18) | Individual actors agree on using common semantic standards (Haße et al., 2022) |
| On-demand data synchronization for real-time or non-real-time data (EC19) | Condition monitoring where undesirable events should be detected immediately (Haße et al., 2022) | |
| communication between the physical and the virtual part with a simultaneous data flow between them (EC20) | Integration of city components (traffic lights, transport network) with the virtual model (White et al., 2021) | |
| Federated model | Capable of integrating with other devices such as a crowdsourcing mobile app to share information (EC21) | Using crowdsourcing to extract additional information (Fan and Yucheng, 2020) |
| Integration of machine learning models allowing predictive analysis (EC22) | Object detection to perform analysis on environmental degradation | |
| Engineering characteristics | Examples | |
|---|---|---|
| Public good | Open access to non-sensitive data (EC1) | Access to information on city-related issues without exposing the sensitive data of the person posting the issues ( |
| Shared access with approved users (EC2) | Have specific access controls and restrictions on the use of data among providers and users ( | |
| Standards | A vendor-neutral platform built based on an open Application Processing Interface (APIs) (EC3) | Integrating an API that conforms to the design architecture of the representational state transfer architectural style ( |
| User-friendly and easy of navigation graphical user interface (EC4) | Designed with clarity of the layout and easy to navigate between the layouts ( | |
| Comment management automates comment analysis and is compliant with federal laws (EC5) | Trends in comments posted related to infrastructure ( | |
| Quality | Meet the minimum necessary data quality standard (EC6) | Meeting the requirements of ISO 8000, which is the global standard for Data Quality and Enterprise Master Data ( |
| Use of hardware camera (EC7) | To facilitate image capturing and object detection for assessing the impact of an issue ( | |
| Use of hardware GPS (EC8) | Tracking locations when posting issues ( | |
| Links to transportation APIs (EC9) | Integrating real-time location and transport information for public transport ( | |
| Openness | Comprise open or shared data supported by open standards ( | Use of CityGML, which is an open standardised data model to store 3D city models ( |
| Security and privacy | Built based on security and privacy-preserving principles (EC11) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system ( |
| A standardized approach for authorization access to data (EC12) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system ( | |
| Provide access based on the user-defined role (EC13) | Privacy-Preserving Identity and Access | |
| Facilitate the protection of sensitive and confidential data (EC14) | Using data encryption to protect confidential data in the system ( | |
| Curation | Have clear ownership to support the governance and ongoing developments (EC15) | The digital twin can be governed by the government, industry research or the community ( |
| Workflow automation (EC16) | Routing of submitted forms/labels/comments for departmental processing ( | |
| Adaptation | Data in CCDT can be managed in consistent, interoperable, cross-platform and platform-agnostic ways (EC17) | Integrating an API that conforms to the design architecture of the representational state transfer architectural style ( |
| Value | Facilitates data integration by allowing the upload of data coming from different sectors and institutes (EC18) | Individual actors agree on using common semantic standards ( |
| On-demand data synchronization for real-time or non-real-time data (EC19) | Condition monitoring where undesirable events should be detected immediately ( | |
| communication between the physical and the virtual part with a simultaneous data flow between them (EC20) | Integration of city components (traffic lights, transport network) with the virtual model ( | |
| Federated model | Capable of integrating with other devices such as a crowdsourcing mobile app to share information (EC21) | Using crowdsourcing to extract additional information ( |
| Integration of machine learning models allowing predictive analysis (EC22) | Object detection to perform analysis on environmental degradation | |