Table 4 Emerging themes for ECs...

Table 4

Emerging themes for ECs identified from the interviews using inductive coding

	ECs	Quotes
Digital twin maturity levels	Incorporating IoT data sources (EC25)	“To enable real-time replications of the environment” [P4]
	Simulation and virtual representation capabilities (EC26)	“it’s ensuring that there is always a virtual representation of the physical asset, it’s somehow related to 20 item number 20, but it’s a bit different because […] is more about the communication between the physical and virtual part. […]having the virtual part itself is important” [P16]
	Ability to switch between 2D and 3D environments (EC46)	“a lot of people have difficulty looking at that kind of data in 3D and I’m thinking I think 3D data you have to think very abstractly for and you have to sit and look at it whereas 2D data it’s straightforward with what’s on the map.” [P14]
	View photos over time(time-stamped photos) for predictive analysis or historical analysis (EC52)	“go back over time and see what things were like at certain at certain intervals.” [P12]
Data privacy and security classification frameworks	Data privacy and security classification frameworks	“Although CRs, such as facilitating access to timely and quality information from anywhere and anytime reflect the need for information transparency, such capability would be highly restricted on the existing data classification frameworks”. [P20]
Regulating human behaviour	Handling of offensive and inappropriate comments and images through automatic detection and reporting (EC23)	“Machine learning models may be useful in terms of analyzing images or comments to kind of pull out that you know anything that might be deemed offensive or inappropriate” [P2]
	Automated scripts to identify abusive language (EC40)	“ […] automated script that would pull out all the negative comments or […] something that identifies abuse in language and completely strip it out.” [P20]
	Automated moderation or human interface (EC29)	“[…] provide feedback on each other’s comment […] I would be more hesitant in this if you do it, you gotta a component there about moderation.” [P8]
Accessibility and support services	Supporting video, written and audio help resources (eLearning, training Tooltips, in-context help and guidance) (EC30)	“Tools, tips helped slash guidance so actually you know enabling the user to maybe then learn and kind of troubleshoot their user experience” [P2]
	Accessibility considerations (Symbology, Cartology) (EC31)	“So like things like, uh, you know, an accessibility mode for vision impaired people maybe where they can actually easily read the text and therefore learn to use it […].” [P2]
	Progressive release of information (pop-up, tips) and in-context help and guide (EC41)	“a lot of interfaces now where the when you go to a website or you know you go to an application, there might be little pop-ups or tool tips sort of telling you something new about a tool that maybe you haven’t clicked on yet.”[P19]
	Feedback formed and associated management of this information (EC27)	“[…] need to be able to control the mechanisms for feedback and how you’re sharing that with”.[P4]
Resilience and fault tolerance	Architectural and infrastructure considerations for resilience and fault tolerance (EC32)	“platform fails or breaks and you have to get it restarted, you’re just, you’re just reconnecting to those sources […] really do much else other than reconnect to them.” [P19]
	Error control/error detection mechanism (EC34)	“data maintenance and management is hugely difficult. I think that it's about understanding uh, what an error means, what it is.” [R8]
	Backups/reroute to different data centre (EC39)	“Maybe you can, for instance, that example you take a photo and it is stored Temporarily without Wi-Fi. Then we know if it’s back, it gets stored in the cloud up.” [P20]
	IT Infrastructure including powerful computing devices, reliable networks and high-speed Internet and processing power (EC42)	“All the feature sets all stored locally, so you’re gonna need a […] a more powerful computer like, you know, […] and it’s still not gonna be at it.” [P8]
	Minimum dependencies (EC43)	“you’ll depend on when you can, but minimizing the amount of dependencies that you use in your application is helpful.” [P17]
	Ability to export or download selected pieces of data (EC51)	“I need to download a small area by can put on a small device like an iPad or a phone, take it with me and then the ability to my comments observations augment that data whilst offline in the field is useful when we come back to the office or back to Wi-Fi zone we can sync that offline information back up to the main system.” [P12]
Enacting human trust on the platform	Implementing standards and guidelines on security (EC44)	“so the guidelines give like a whole bunch of guidelines for how you know how your application should be developed and how it should, how it should look to support different abilities.” [P19]
	Multi-factor authorisation (EC35)	“Modern software development security best practices would be multi-factor authentication and […].” [P17]
	System to seek feedback (EC45)	“There should be a system for always asking the users to provide feedback”. [P16]
	Permission to access data through camera, GPS etc (EC24)	“Every time you ask for either camera or GPS locations, you have to ask the user if they are willing to give permission to obtain that piece of information, that data” [P17]
Feedback management	Ability to provide feedback in context within the web app or screen capture (EC28)	“in the submit button for a photograph and you’re able to right click on that, give feedback and you know the user can say sometimes this is greyed out even after I’ve uploaded a photo or something like that” [P2]
	Indexing the comments and using AI and ML to extract word tagging and classification (EC36)	“need artificial intelligence or some sort of algorithm to recognize the language or the tags in the language that are then associated with the email responses that you’ve just tailored.” [P20]
	Communication Policy or governance workflow around communication (EC38)	“You’re making a lot of inherent assumptions when you give them that feedback, and it’s fine to do that so long as people can, with a little bit of digging, understand how they got to that and what the assumptions were in their process [ …].” [P8]

	ECs	Quotes
Digital twin maturity levels	Incorporating IoT data sources (EC25)	“To enable real-time replications of the environment” [P4]
	Simulation and virtual representation capabilities (EC26)	“it’s ensuring that there is always a virtual representation of the physical asset, it’s somehow related to 20 item number 20, but it’s a bit different because […] is more about the communication between the physical and virtual part. […]having the virtual part itself is important” [P16]
	Ability to switch between 2D and 3D environments (EC46)	“a lot of people have difficulty looking at that kind of data in 3D and I’m thinking I think 3D data you have to think very abstractly for and you have to sit and look at it whereas 2D data it’s straightforward with what’s on the map.” [P14]
	View photos over time(time-stamped photos) for predictive analysis or historical analysis (EC52)	“go back over time and see what things were like at certain at certain intervals.” [P12]
Data privacy and security classification frameworks	Data privacy and security classification frameworks	“Although CRs, such as facilitating access to timely and quality information from anywhere and anytime reflect the need for information transparency, such capability would be highly restricted on the existing data classification frameworks”. [P20]
Regulating human behaviour	Handling of offensive and inappropriate comments and images through automatic detection and reporting (EC23)	“Machine learning models may be useful in terms of analyzing images or comments to kind of pull out that you know anything that might be deemed offensive or inappropriate” [P2]
	Automated scripts to identify abusive language (EC40)	“ […] automated script that would pull out all the negative comments or […] something that identifies abuse in language and completely strip it out.” [P20]
	Automated moderation or human interface (EC29)	“[…] provide feedback on each other’s comment […] I would be more hesitant in this if you do it, you gotta a component there about moderation.” [P8]
Accessibility and support services	Supporting video, written and audio help resources (eLearning, training Tooltips, in-context help and guidance) (EC30)	“Tools, tips helped slash guidance so actually you know enabling the user to maybe then learn and kind of troubleshoot their user experience” [P2]
	Accessibility considerations (Symbology, Cartology) (EC31)	“So like things like, uh, you know, an accessibility mode for vision impaired people maybe where they can actually easily read the text and therefore learn to use it […].” [P2]
	Progressive release of information (pop-up, tips) and in-context help and guide (EC41)	“a lot of interfaces now where the when you go to a website or you know you go to an application, there might be little pop-ups or tool tips sort of telling you something new about a tool that maybe you haven’t clicked on yet.”[P19]
	Feedback formed and associated management of this information (EC27)	“[…] need to be able to control the mechanisms for feedback and how you’re sharing that with”.[P4]
Resilience and fault tolerance	Architectural and infrastructure considerations for resilience and fault tolerance (EC32)	“platform fails or breaks and you have to get it restarted, you’re just, you’re just reconnecting to those sources […] really do much else other than reconnect to them.” [P19]
	Error control/error detection mechanism (EC34)	“data maintenance and management is hugely difficult. I think that it's about understanding uh, what an error means, what it is.” [R8]
	Backups/reroute to different data centre (EC39)	“Maybe you can, for instance, that example you take a photo and it is stored Temporarily without Wi-Fi. Then we know if it’s back, it gets stored in the cloud up.” [P20]
	IT Infrastructure including powerful computing devices, reliable networks and high-speed Internet and processing power (EC42)	“All the feature sets all stored locally, so you’re gonna need a […] a more powerful computer like, you know, […] and it’s still not gonna be at it.” [P8]
	Minimum dependencies (EC43)	“you’ll depend on when you can, but minimizing the amount of dependencies that you use in your application is helpful.” [P17]
	Ability to export or download selected pieces of data (EC51)	“I need to download a small area by can put on a small device like an iPad or a phone, take it with me and then the ability to my comments observations augment that data whilst offline in the field is useful when we come back to the office or back to Wi-Fi zone we can sync that offline information back up to the main system.” [P12]
Enacting human trust on the platform	Implementing standards and guidelines on security (EC44)	“so the guidelines give like a whole bunch of guidelines for how you know how your application should be developed and how it should, how it should look to support different abilities.” [P19]
	Multi-factor authorisation (EC35)	“Modern software development security best practices would be multi-factor authentication and […].” [P17]
	System to seek feedback (EC45)	“There should be a system for always asking the users to provide feedback”. [P16]
	Permission to access data through camera, GPS etc (EC24)	“Every time you ask for either camera or GPS locations, you have to ask the user if they are willing to give permission to obtain that piece of information, that data” [P17]
Feedback management	Ability to provide feedback in context within the web app or screen capture (EC28)	“in the submit button for a photograph and you’re able to right click on that, give feedback and you know the user can say sometimes this is greyed out even after I’ve uploaded a photo or something like that” [P2]
	Indexing the comments and using AI and ML to extract word tagging and classification (EC36)	“need artificial intelligence or some sort of algorithm to recognize the language or the tags in the language that are then associated with the email responses that you’ve just tailored.” [P20]
	Communication Policy or governance workflow around communication (EC38)	“You’re making a lot of inherent assumptions when you give them that feedback, and it’s fine to do that so long as people can, with a little bit of digging, understand how they got to that and what the assumptions were in their process [ …].” [P8]

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