Table 2. Descriptive statistics... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Descriptive statistics

Variables	N	mean	median	SD	min.	max.
Dependent variables
Tobin’s Q	76469	1.5540	1.3366	1.7353	0.6126	9.9591
Idiosyncratic risk (IR)	78059	0.2143	0.1760	0.1399	0.0470	0.8402
Total risk (TR)	78738	0.4028	0.3459	0.2125	0.1353	1.3292
Independent variables
ESG score	78738	0.4257	0.4075	0.2044	0.0040	0.9572
ESG controversy score	78705	0.0771	0.0000	0.2101	0.0000	0.9950
Control variables
ROA	78738	0.0253	0.0342	0.1231	−0.7332	0.2989
Age	78738	25.0732	25.0006	16.1900	2.0000	134.0000
Size (million US dollars)	78738	4,229.5	4,069.0	6.3117	36.3	583,060
Leverage	78738	0.5733	0.5717	0.2379	0.0513	1.2360
Capex	78738	0.0426	0.0290	0.0468	0.0002	0.2568
Asset growth	78738	0.1212	0.0630	0.3152	−0.4219	2.1725
GDP growth	78738	0.0206	0.0224	0.0317	−0.0865	0.0913

Variables	N	mean	median	SD	min.	max.
Dependent variables
Tobin’s Q	76469	1.5540	1.3366	1.7353	0.6126	9.9591
Idiosyncratic risk (IR)	78059	0.2143	0.1760	0.1399	0.0470	0.8402
Total risk (TR)	78738	0.4028	0.3459	0.2125	0.1353	1.3292
Independent variables
ESG score	78738	0.4257	0.4075	0.2044	0.0040	0.9572
ESG controversy score	78705	0.0771	0.0000	0.2101	0.0000	0.9950
Control variables
ROA	78738	0.0253	0.0342	0.1231	−0.7332	0.2989
Age	78738	25.0732	25.0006	16.1900	2.0000	134.0000
Size (million US dollars)	78738	4,229.5	4,069.0	6.3117	36.3	583,060
Leverage	78738	0.5733	0.5717	0.2379	0.0513	1.2360
Capex	78738	0.0426	0.0290	0.0468	0.0002	0.2568
Asset growth	78738	0.1212	0.0630	0.3152	−0.4219	2.1725
GDP growth	78738	0.0206	0.0224	0.0317	−0.0865	0.0913

Note(s):

For a detailed definition of the variables, see Table 1

Source(s): Authors’ own work