Table 1 Factor analysis, reliability and...

Table 1

Factor analysis, reliability and composite reliability of constructs

Factor measurement	Loadings	Variance Exp. (%)	R	CR
Digital twin modeling experience (α = 0.814)		21.237		0.948
DTME9	0.888		0.812
DTME2	0.887		0.798
DTME1	0.754		0.901
DTME7	0.731		0.742
DTME5	0.724		0.804
DTME3	0.721		0.722
DTME4	0.704		0.832
Continuous use of DT tools (α = 0.907)		15.003		0.910
CUDT2	0.897		0.799
CUDT1	0.801		0.932
CUDT3	0.723		0.835
Perceived usefulness (α = 0.778)		12.958		0.941
PUS6	0.872		0.832
PUS1	0.869		0.804
PUS5	0.801		0.899
PUS2	0.737		0.906
PUS4	0.719		0.848
Perceived ease of use (α = 0.862)		10.482		0.935
PEU2	0.863		0.873
PEU3	0.824		0.855
PEU5	0.823		0.784
PEU1	0.711		0.892
PEU4	0.709		0.811
Digital competency (α = 0.781)		9.181		0.918
DCP3	0.841		0.896
DCP1	0.838		0.911
DCP2	0.779		0.880

Factor measurement	Loadings	Variance Exp. (%)	R	CR
Digital twin modeling experience (α = 0.814)		21.237		0.948
DTME9	0.888		0.812
DTME2	0.887		0.798
DTME1	0.754		0.901
DTME7	0.731		0.742
DTME5	0.724		0.804
DTME3	0.721		0.722
DTME4	0.704		0.832
Continuous use of DT tools (α = 0.907)		15.003		0.910
CUDT2	0.897		0.799
CUDT1	0.801		0.932
CUDT3	0.723		0.835
Perceived usefulness (α = 0.778)		12.958		0.941
PUS6	0.872		0.832
PUS1	0.869		0.804
PUS5	0.801		0.899
PUS2	0.737		0.906
PUS4	0.719		0.848
Perceived ease of use (α = 0.862)		10.482		0.935
PEU2	0.863		0.873
PEU3	0.824		0.855
PEU5	0.823		0.784
PEU1	0.711		0.892
PEU4	0.709		0.811
Digital competency (α = 0.781)		9.181		0.918
DCP3	0.841		0.896
DCP1	0.838		0.911
DCP2	0.779		0.880

Note(s): KMO = 0.866, Bartlett’s test of sphericity: χ² = 8253.439, p < 0.000

Source(s): Field survey by authors (2025)

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