Table 4

Hypotheses testing

HypothesesBeta coefficientsProposed effectsResults
Direct effect
DT modelling Experience continuous use (H1)0.182***+Supported
DT modeling experience Perceived usefulness (H2a)0.553***+Supported
Perceived usefulness Continuous use (H2b)0.330***+Supported
DT modeling experience Perceived ease of use (H3a)0.127***+Supported
Perceived ease of use Continuous use (H3b)0.150+Not Supported
Mediating effect of perceived usefulness (H2)0.007+Supported
Mediating effect of perceived ease of use (H3)−0.006+Not Supported
Moderating effect
PUS*DCP Continuous use (H4)0.058**+Supported
PEU*DCP Continuous use (H5)−0.011+Not Supported
Note(s): ***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05
Indirect effects of digital twin modeling experience on students’ continuous use via perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use at ±1 SD of digital competency (N = 788)
bBootSEBootLLCIBootULCI
Perceived usefulness
−1 SD0.0500.0150.0220.081
M0.0640.0180.0310.103
+1 SD0.0720.0210.0330.116
Perceived ease of use
−1 SD0.0770.0330.0130.141
M0.0650.0270.0120.117
+1 SD0.0600.033−0.0050.122

Note(s): BootLLCI and BootULCI = Lower level and upper level of the bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped confidence interval for = 95%; bootstrapping resamples N = 5,000

Source(s): Field survey by authors (2025)

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