Table 4 Hypotheses testing Hypotheses...

Table 4

Hypotheses testing

Hypotheses	Beta coefficients	Proposed effects	Results
Direct effect
DT modelling $\to$ Experience continuous use (H1)	0.182***	+	Supported
DT modeling experience $\to$ Perceived usefulness (H2a)	0.553***	+	Supported
Perceived usefulness $\to$ Continuous use (H2b)	0.330***	+	Supported
DT modeling experience $\to$ Perceived ease of use (H3a)	0.127***	+	Supported
Perceived ease of use $\to$ Continuous use (H3b)	0.150	+	Not Supported
Mediating effect of perceived usefulness (H2)	0.007	+	Supported
Mediating effect of perceived ease of use (H3)	−0.006	+	Not Supported
Moderating effect
PUS*DCP $\to$ Continuous use (H4)	0.058**	+	Supported
PEU*DCP $\to$ Continuous use (H5)	−0.011	+	Not Supported
Note(s): *p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05

Hypotheses	Beta coefficients	Proposed effects	Results
Direct effect
DT modelling $\to$ Experience continuous use (H1)	0.182***	+	Supported
DT modeling experience $\to$ Perceived usefulness (H2a)	0.553***	+	Supported
Perceived usefulness $\to$ Continuous use (H2b)	0.330***	+	Supported
DT modeling experience $\to$ Perceived ease of use (H3a)	0.127***	+	Supported
Perceived ease of use $\to$ Continuous use (H3b)	0.150	+	Not Supported
Mediating effect of perceived usefulness (H2)	0.007	+	Supported
Mediating effect of perceived ease of use (H3)	−0.006	+	Not Supported
Moderating effect
PUS*DCP $\to$ Continuous use (H4)	0.058**	+	Supported
PEU*DCP $\to$ Continuous use (H5)	−0.011	+	Not Supported
Note(s): *p ≤ 0.001, p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05

Indirect effects of digital twin modeling experience on students’ continuous use via perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use at ±1 SD of digital competency (N = 788)
	b	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Perceived usefulness
−1 SD	0.050	0.015	0.022	0.081
M	0.064	0.018	0.031	0.103
+1 SD	0.072	0.021	0.033	0.116
Perceived ease of use
−1 SD	0.077	0.033	0.013	0.141
M	0.065	0.027	0.012	0.117
+1 SD	0.060	0.033	−0.005	0.122

Indirect effects of digital twin modeling experience on students’ continuous use via perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use at ±1 SD of digital competency (N = 788)
	b	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI
Perceived usefulness
−1 SD	0.050	0.015	0.022	0.081
M	0.064	0.018	0.031	0.103
+1 SD	0.072	0.021	0.033	0.116
Perceived ease of use
−1 SD	0.077	0.033	0.013	0.141
M	0.065	0.027	0.012	0.117
+1 SD	0.060	0.033	−0.005	0.122

Note(s): BootLLCI and BootULCI = Lower level and upper level of the bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped confidence interval for = 95%; bootstrapping resamples N = 5,000

Source(s): Field survey by authors (2025)

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