| 1 | Common Goal | Alignment of project aims among stakeholders (Gao et al., 2022; Grilo et al., 2013) | This indicator ensures that all stakeholders share a unified vision of their project |
| 2 | Alignment with broader societal or environmental goals (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2020a, b) | This indicator evaluates the extent to which project objectives promote sustainability, social responsibility, and regulatory compliance |
| 3 | Clarity and measurability of the common goal (Grilo et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2015) | This indicator guarantees that project objectives are clearly defined, transparent, and measurable for all stakeholders |
| 4 | Having formal documentation of shared goals (Gao et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2024) | This indicator assesses alignment among project stakeholders by establishing clear responsibilities and expectations |
| 5 | Periodic review and re-alignment of goals (El-Gohary and El-Diraby, 2010; Engebø et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020) | This indicator ensures that project outcomes stay relevant by regularly assessing progress, monitoring the initially defined goals, and addressing challenges |
| 6 | Stakeholder engagement and commitment to goal achievement (Deep et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2024) | This indicator reflects stakeholders' engagement and commitment to achieving a project’s objectives |
| 7 | Fair Share of Risk-Reward | Balance between rewards and efforts among parties (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022a, b) | This indicator reflects the fairness of distributing benefits (rewards) based on each stakeholder’s input (efforts), ensuring mutual satisfaction and equitable collaboration |
| 8 | Equitable risk allocation across stakeholders (Chen et al., 2022a, b) | This indicator pertains to the distribution of risks, with each stakeholder accountable for their management and control. It promotes fairness and balanced responsibility among project participants, encourages Collaboration, and reduces conflicts |
| 9 | Proportional risk-reward alignment with contribution (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Deep et al., 2021) | This indicator assesses risk and reward allocation based on each stakeholder’s contributions. Based on formal project documents, it ensures that higher contributors assume and gain appropriate levels of risk and reward |
| 10 | Stakeholder satisfaction with risk-reward mechanisms (Deep et al., 2021; Marinelli and Salopek, 2020) | This indicator assesses how well the risk-reward balance meets stakeholder expectations, ensuring fair risk allocation, appropriate rewards, and collaboration for project success |
| 11 | | Transparent financial incentives and penalties (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Bresnen and Marshall, 2000; Challender, 2017) | This indicator ensures measurable rewards and penalties based on performance, promotes accountability, and encourages parties to achieve project goals while minimizing risks from unclear expectations |
| 12 | | Use of collaborative risk management frameworks (Marinelli and Salopek, 2020; Mollaoglu et al., 2021) | This indicator relates to collaborative stakeholder strategies for identifying, assessing, monitoring, and mitigating risks |
| 13 | Information, Knowledge, and Resource Sharing | Accessibility of shared information repositories (Cheng et al., 2023; Matthews et al., 2018) | This indicator refers to how easily project team members can access information about the project, shared platforms or databases, pertinent project knowledge, and the necessary resources (e.g. material, human resources, etc.) |
| 14 | Data security and privacy in shared platforms (El-Gohary and El-Diraby, 2010; Patel et al., 2012) | This indicator refers to how easily project team members can access information about the project, shared platforms or databases, relevant project knowledge, and more |
| 15 | Frequency of knowledge-sharing workshops or meetings (Marinelli and Salopek, 2020; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator measures the frequency of knowledge-sharing workshops and stakeholder meetings, reflecting collaboration levels |
| 16 | Knowledge retention mechanisms (Patel et al., 2012; Sattar et al., 2021) | This indicator refers to strategies for capturing, storing, refining, and reusing valuable project knowledge |
| 17 | Perceived value of shared resources among stakeholders (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Patel et al., 2012) | This indicator shows how stakeholders evaluate the benefits of shared information, knowledge, and resources, which affects collaboration, efficiency, decision-making, and overall project success |
| 18 | Timeliness and relevance of shared information (Haghsheno et al., 2020; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator ensures that stakeholders obtain accurate, timely data when needed, reducing delays and enhancing the overall project |
| 19 | Use of collaborative tools and platforms (Chowdhury et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022) | This indicator pertains to digital systems that enable real-time communication, document and information sharing/exchange, and data integration, which enhances teamwork, decision-making, and efficiency in managing construction projects |
| 20 | Joint Problem Solving | Documented lessons learned and improvements (Sattar et al., 2021; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator reliably records project challenges, solutions, issue logs, and enhancements to promote continuous improvement, knowledge sharing, and more effective future collaboration |
| 21 | Effectiveness of solutions derived from collaboration (Deep et al., 2021; Fulford and Standing, 2014) | This indicator evaluates how collaborative problem-solving produces tangible outcomes that enhance processes, minimize risks, and elevate the overall quality of team performance |
| 22 | Frequency of joint problem-solving sessions (Staykova and Underwood, 2017; Zhang et al., 2020a, b) | This indicator shows the frequency of collaboration among project teams and key stakeholders to address challenges, fostering shared accountability and enhancements in complex construction projects |
| 23 | | Participation of relevant stakeholders in problem-solving (Mollaoglu et al., 2021; Staykova and Underwood, 2017; Zhang et al., 2024) | The indicator measures stakeholder involvement in solving problems, ensuring project challenges are addressed through Collaboration, clear communication, and innovative solutions in complex construction projects |
| 24 | | Speed of conflict resolution (Mollaoglu et al., 2021; Pe-Mora et al., 2001) | This indicator measures how quickly project teams resolve disputes together. It reflects effective joint problem-solving that minimizes delays, reduces costs, controls quality, and ensures smooth, coordinated project execution |
| 25 | | Use of advanced problem-solving frameworks (Sattar et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023) | This indicator reflects a commitment to collaborative decision-making and analysis. Teams use innovative methods to diagnose issues, identify solutions, and optimize project outcomes |
| 26 | Mutual Trust | Absence of major disputes or litigations (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000; Mollaoglu et al., 2021) | This indicator evaluates conflicts among stakeholders. A lack of issues signifies strong collaboration, clear communication, and effective conflict resolution, fostering a stable work environment |
| 27 | Adherence to agreed timelines and commitments (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Deep et al., 2021) | This indicator tracks adherence to timelines, fostering trust among stakeholders and encouraging progress |
| 28 | Consistency in stakeholder actions over time (Daget and Zhang, 2023; Deep et al., 2021; Kapogiannis and Sherratt, 2018) | This indicator shows that stakeholders follow established practices and agreements consistently over time |
| 29 | History of positive interactions among parties (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000; Patel et al., 2012) | This indicator assesses successful collaborations and conflict resolution, fostering trust among stakeholders |
| 30 | Stakeholder perceptions of honesty and integrity (Haghsheno et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2012) | This indicator supports mutual trust by ensuring dependable commitments, promoting cooperation, and reducing conflicts during project execution |
| 31 | Transparency in decision-making (Haghsheno et al., 2020; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator tracks accountability, manages stakeholder engagement, and documents misunderstandings in the project |
| 32 | Open Communication | Active listening and conflict resolution (Antucheviciene et al., 2022; Connaughton and Collinge, 2021; Zhang et al., 2024) | This indicator assesses team engagement, empathy, open communication, feedback, understanding of each other’s perspectives, and issue resolutions to achieve effective project coordination and construction management goals |
| 33 | Availability of communication tools and technology (El-Gohary and El-Diraby, 2010; Fulford and Standing, 2014) | This indicator measures access to modern digital platforms and hardware in construction projects |
| 34 | | Clarity of communication channels (Moradi et al., 2024a, b; Staykova and Underwood, 2017; Zhang et al., 2024) | This indicator is measured by assessing protocols, response times, and designated roles |
| 35 | | Conflict avoidance mechanisms in communication (Haghsheno et al., 2020; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator includes measurable guidelines, feedback, and defined escalation paths that enable early issue detection and resolution, enhancing transparency and project success |
| 36 | Cultural sensitivity in communication (Patel et al., 2012; Sattar et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2024) | This indicator enhances clarity, reduces misunderstandings, and fosters collaboration via surveys, conflict resolution, and stakeholder feedback |
| 37 | Effectiveness of feedback mechanisms (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000; Mollaoglu et al., 2021; Sattar et al., 2021; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator measures effective feedback that enhances collaboration, reduces errors, and improves project outcomes through response time, clarity, actionability, and implementation rate |
| 38 | Frequency of communication among stakeholders (Daget and Zhang, 2023; Patel et al., 2012; Staykova and Underwood, 2017) | This indicator tracks the frequency of communication among stakeholders, which measures how often project participants exchange information |
| 39 | Stakeholder satisfaction with communication quality (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000; Greenwood and Wu, 2012) | This indicator monitors how well project communication meets stakeholder expectations in clarity, timeliness, and transparency |
| 40 | Structured Facilitation | Defined protocols for decision-making (Chen et al., 2022a, b; Patel et al., 2012) | This indicator refers to established procedures that guide decisions, ensuring clarity, accountability, and efficiency |
| 41 | Effectiveness of facilitation in achieving milestones (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000) | This indicator evaluates prompt decision-making, issue resolution, and alignment among stakeholders. It is typically quantified by milestone completion rates, adherence to schedules, and a reduction in rework |
| 42 | The presence of a dedicated project facilitator (Abdirad and Pishdad-Bozorgi, 2014; Freytag and Storvang, 2016; Mollaoglu et al., 2021) | This indicator monitors whether a designated individual actively facilitates collaboration, maintains structured coordination, and resolves conflict in a construction project |
| 43 | Regular structured meetings (af Hällström et al., 2021; Merschbrock and Munkvold, 2015; Staykova and Underwood, 2017; Zhao et al., 2015) | This indicator refers to planned, organized meetings that ensure consistent communication, decision-making, and problem-solving among project stakeholders |
| 44 | Use of facilitation tools and techniques (El-Gohary and El-Diraby, 2010; Haghsheno et al., 2020; Matthews et al., 2018) | This indicator measures the use of methods like workshops and brainstorming to boost collaboration, problem-solving, decision-making, and team coordination |