Table 3

Theory validation

QuestionsAnswer
What?A process involving mutual trust, open communication, and shared risk-reward aimed at solving problems and achieving common goals
Why?To jointly solve problems and realize common goals
How?Through cooperation (information, knowledge, and resource sharing) and coordination (structured facilitation) effective collaboration can be enabled
When?Need to solve complex problems, leverage shared resources, or achieve objectives
Where?Occurs in contexts where interdependent stakeholders converge
Who?Interdependent stakeholders in construction projects
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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