Table 2

Measures of variables

ConstructsItems
Ethical leadershipBrown et al. (2005)
My supervisor:
  • (1)

    Listens to what employees have to say

  • (2)

    Disciplines employees who violate ethical standards

  • (3)

    Conducts his/her personal life in an ethical manner

  • (4)

    Has the best interests of employees in mind

  • (5)

    Makes fair and balanced decisions

  • (6)

    Can be trusted

  • (7)

    Discusses business ethics or values with employees

  • (8)

    Sets an example of how to do things the right way in terms of ethics

  • (9)

    Defines success not just by results but also the way they are obtained

  • (10)

    Asks “what is the right thing to do?” when making decisions

Perceived emotional supportStenholm and Nielsen (2019)
  1. Support and caring from supervisor had a broader meaning for me beyond the financial support during COVID-19 pandemic

  2. Support and caring from supervisor increased my beliefs of me as an important employee in this company during COVID-19 pandemic

  3. Support and caring from supervisor increased my engagement at work during COVID-19 pandemic

  4. Support and caring from supervisor encouraged me during COVID-19 pandemic

Satisfaction with organization COVID-19 responsesVo-Thanh et al. (2020)
  1. I am satisfied with the way that my company responded to COVID-19

  2. My company did everything that it could have in response to COVID-19

  3. My company took care of its employees’ needs resulting from COVID-19

Emotional stabilityWatson and Clark (1984)
To what extent do you feel this way generally during COVID-19:
(1 = not at all to 5 = extremely)
  1. Excited

  2. Enthusiastic

  3. Active

  4. Alert

  5. Strong

  6. Calm and relaxed

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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