Table 1.

Comparing the characteristics of the digital twin of a product and the digital twin of a service

Similarity/DifferenceCharacteristicDigital twin of a PRODUCTDigital twin of a SERVICE
DifferenceModeled systemPhysical system + elements of environment (Parrott and Warshaw, 2017; Pang et al., 2021)Digital representation of intangible service (Tao et al., 2017)
DifferencePhysical environment/place of consumption (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)Inside and outside of the organizationOutside of the organization; at the customer
SimilarityVirtual representationData and computational models for the physical objects, environment and processes (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)Data and computational models for the physical objects, environment and processes (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)
SimilarityInformation interconnectionPhysical-to-virtual and virtual-to-physical connection (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)Physical-to-virtual and virtual-to-physical connection (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)
DifferenceData transferDigital and manual (VanDerHorn and Mahadevan, 2021)Manual
Source: Authors’ own work

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