Table 1 KPSS unit root test Intercept... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

KPSS unit root test

	Intercept and no trend		Intercept and trend
Variables	Levels	First difference	Levels	First difference
GDP	0.122 [0.46]	0.246 [0.46]	0.116 [0.15]	0.159 [0.15]
PD	0.443 [0.46]	0.196 [0.46]	0.138 [0.15]	0.110 [0.15]
UNE	0.201 [0.46]	0.277 [0.46]	0.105 [0.15]	0.124 [0.15]
INF	0.852 [0.46]	0.322 [0.46]	0.353 [0.15]	0.194 [0.15]
TB	0.199 [0.46]	0.383 [0.46]	0.192 [0.15]	0.191 [0.15]
DDR	0.271 [0.46]	0.355 [0.46]	0.175 [0.15]	0.143 [0.15]
DSDR	0.432 [0.46]	0.404 [0.46]	0.197 [0.15]	0.146 [0.15]
IGDP	0.727 [0.46]	0.268 [0.46]	0.149 [0.15]	0.072 [0.15]
IDR	0.405 [0.46]	0.349 [0.46]	0.166 [0.15]	0.139 [0.15]
EDE	0.619 [0.46]	0.133 [0.46]	0.097 [0.15]	0.106 [0.15]
NIR	0.362 [0.46]	0.094 [0.46]	0.108 [0.15]	0.090 [0.15]
PD_DDR	0.234 [0.46]	0.320 [0.46]	0.113 [0.15]	0.141 [0.15]
PD_DSDR	0.147 [0.46]	0.258 [0.46]	0.116 [0.15]	0.137 [0.15]
PD_IGDP	0.303 [0.46]	0.565 [0.46]	0.193 [0.15]	0.122 [0.15]
PD_IDR	0.266 [0.46]	0.329 [0.46]	0.134 [0.15]	0.139 [0.15]
PD_EDE	0.313 [0.46]	0.470 [0.46]	0.214 [0.15]	0.113 [0.15]
PD_NIR	0.153 [0.46]	0.178 [0.46]	0.152 [0.15]	0.115 [0.15]

	Intercept and no trend		Intercept and trend
Variables	Levels	First difference	Levels	First difference
GDP	0.122 [0.46]	0.246 [0.46]	0.116 [0.15]	0.159 [0.15]
PD	0.443 [0.46]	0.196 [0.46]	0.138 [0.15]	0.110 [0.15]
UNE	0.201 [0.46]	0.277 [0.46]	0.105 [0.15]	0.124 [0.15]
INF	0.852 [0.46]	0.322 [0.46]	0.353 [0.15]	0.194 [0.15]
TB	0.199 [0.46]	0.383 [0.46]	0.192 [0.15]	0.191 [0.15]
DDR	0.271 [0.46]	0.355 [0.46]	0.175 [0.15]	0.143 [0.15]
DSDR	0.432 [0.46]	0.404 [0.46]	0.197 [0.15]	0.146 [0.15]
IGDP	0.727 [0.46]	0.268 [0.46]	0.149 [0.15]	0.072 [0.15]
IDR	0.405 [0.46]	0.349 [0.46]	0.166 [0.15]	0.139 [0.15]
EDE	0.619 [0.46]	0.133 [0.46]	0.097 [0.15]	0.106 [0.15]
NIR	0.362 [0.46]	0.094 [0.46]	0.108 [0.15]	0.090 [0.15]
PD_DDR	0.234 [0.46]	0.320 [0.46]	0.113 [0.15]	0.141 [0.15]
PD_DSDR	0.147 [0.46]	0.258 [0.46]	0.116 [0.15]	0.137 [0.15]
PD_IGDP	0.303 [0.46]	0.565 [0.46]	0.193 [0.15]	0.122 [0.15]
PD_IDR	0.266 [0.46]	0.329 [0.46]	0.134 [0.15]	0.139 [0.15]
PD_EDE	0.313 [0.46]	0.470 [0.46]	0.214 [0.15]	0.113 [0.15]
PD_NIR	0.153 [0.46]	0.178 [0.46]	0.152 [0.15]	0.115 [0.15]

Note(s): Critical value is 5% or p-value > 0.05 as shown in the parentheses

Source(s): Authors’ computation, 2024