Summary of case studies
| Case study and reference | Objectives | Requirements | Year | Technologies used | Main features | Challenges | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy manufacturing company – Scandinavia. (Mantravadi et al., 2023) | Improve operational efficiency, traceability | IoT platform, interoperability, real time monitoring | 2018 | IoT, ISA-95, RAMI 4.0, MQTT, OPC UA, Digital Twin | Real time insights, predictive maintenance | Complex system integration, difficult productivity quantification | Improved stock management, resource utilization |
| European Pork and Beef Producer (Mantravadi et al., 2023) | Enhance safety, traceability, resource management | End to end tracking, IT and OT system integration | 2018 | IMES, IoT, MQTT, OPC UA | Full batch tracking, real time monitoring | Integration with legacy systems | Notable operational efficiency improvement |
| ABB – DSM Nutritional Products (ABB Products and Services Library, 2025) | Real time operational management, traceability | Integration with ERP, virtual servers | 2013 | IMES, 800xA, cpmPlus ECS | Batch tracking, stage management | Complex productivity assessment | Increased productivity, cost reduction |
| ABB – Wander AG (ABB Products and Services Library, 2025) | Modernize production, flexibility | ERP connectivity, real time visualization | 2016 | IMES, cpmPlus ECS | Batch formulation, material handling, compliance monitoring | Difficult gain quantification | Improved efficiency, flexibility, productivity |
| Weihenstephan Brewery (Chen et al., 2018) | Energy efficiency, operational transparency | Mode driven IMES, energy monitoring | 2018 | RFID, ISA 95, MDE approach | Dynamic IMES generation, process transparency | No fully operational IMES generator yet | Enhanced process modeling clarity |
| Malaysian Dairy Industry (Al-Shami et al., 2021) | Traceability, Halal compliance | ERP/WMS integration, real time tracking | 2021 | RFID, barcodes, predictive maintenance modules | Inventory management, quality control | High investment, early stage adoption | Improved data accuracy, waste reduction |
| Cultivated Meat Industry (Kamalapuram and Choudhury, 2024) | Flexibility, transparency, scalability | Industry 4.0 platforms, smart systems | 2024 | IoT, AI, ML,CC,VR, DT, RFID, Blockchain, ERP | Bioreactor monitoring, traceability, predictive maintenance, Smart packaging | Infrastructure cost, workforce upskilling | Improved operational control and product consistency |
| ECCBC Algeria | Standardize production performance monitoring (OEE) | IoT sensors, SAP ERP integration | 2024/2025 | IMES Evocon, IIoT sensors | OEE tracking, downtime recording, real time visualization | Wi-Fi instability, sensor degradation, manual raw material tracking | Improved performance visibility, traceability, data security |
| Case study and reference | Objectives | Requirements | Year | Technologies used | Main features | Challenges | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy manufacturing company – Scandinavia. ( | Improve operational efficiency, traceability | IoT platform, interoperability, real time monitoring | 2018 | IoT, ISA-95, RAMI 4.0, MQTT, OPC UA, Digital Twin | Real time insights, predictive maintenance | Complex system integration, difficult productivity quantification | Improved stock management, resource utilization |
| European Pork and Beef Producer ( | Enhance safety, traceability, resource management | End to end tracking, IT and OT system integration | 2018 | IMES, IoT, MQTT, OPC UA | Full batch tracking, real time monitoring | Integration with legacy systems | Notable operational efficiency improvement |
| ABB – DSM Nutritional Products ( | Real time operational management, traceability | Integration with ERP, virtual servers | 2013 | IMES, 800xA, cpmPlus ECS | Batch tracking, stage management | Complex productivity assessment | Increased productivity, cost reduction |
| ABB – Wander AG ( | Modernize production, flexibility | ERP connectivity, real time visualization | 2016 | IMES, cpmPlus ECS | Batch formulation, material handling, compliance monitoring | Difficult gain quantification | Improved efficiency, flexibility, productivity |
| Weihenstephan Brewery ( | Energy efficiency, operational transparency | Mode driven IMES, energy monitoring | 2018 | RFID, ISA 95, MDE approach | Dynamic IMES generation, process transparency | No fully operational IMES generator yet | Enhanced process modeling clarity |
| Malaysian Dairy Industry ( | Traceability, Halal compliance | ERP/WMS integration, real time tracking | 2021 | RFID, barcodes, predictive maintenance modules | Inventory management, quality control | High investment, early stage adoption | Improved data accuracy, waste reduction |
| Cultivated Meat Industry ( | Flexibility, transparency, scalability | Industry 4.0 platforms, smart systems | 2024 | IoT, AI, ML,CC,VR, DT, RFID, Blockchain, ERP | Bioreactor monitoring, traceability, predictive maintenance, Smart packaging | Infrastructure cost, workforce upskilling | Improved operational control and product consistency |
| ECCBC Algeria | Standardize production performance monitoring (OEE) | IoT sensors, SAP ERP integration | 2024/2025 | IMES Evocon, IIoT sensors | OEE tracking, downtime recording, real time visualization | Wi-Fi instability, sensor degradation, manual raw material tracking | Improved performance visibility, traceability, data security |
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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