Table 1 Overview of the turning points... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Overview of the turning points and routines according to the Careership theory (Hodkinson and Sparkes, 1997, pp. 40-41)

Career turning points	Description
Structural turning points	Structural turning points are determined by external structures, e.g. the end of schooling or retirement
Self-initiated turning points	Self-initiated turning points are the result of an individuals’ initiating a transformation on their own accord, in response to a range of factors in their personal life in that field, but not as required by any particular structural system
Forced turning points	Turning points are forced by (sudden) external events or the actions of others. A common example is redundancy or an accident or injury
Career Routines
Confirmatory Career Routine	Confirmatory routines “reinforce a career decision already made, so that the new identity develops broadly in the way in which the subject hoped and intended.”
Socialising Career Routine	Socialising routines “confirm an identity that was not originally desired”. Here, these routines socialise a person into accepting a career that was reluctantly entered, perhaps because nothing better was available at the time as appropriate
Evolutionary Career Routine	Evolutionary routines “occur when a person gradually changes, outgrowing their original career identity, in ways that are not especially contradictory or painful. Such evolutionary routines may result in an eventual transformation, with or without a contributing turning point.”
Contradictory Career Routine	During contradictory routines, “the person’s experiences undermine the original decision, as he/she becomes dissatisfied and either begins to regret an original change or, alternatively, decides that the current experience is no longer adequate or appropriate.” “The result of such contradictory routines is to undermine the identity assumed at the previous turning-point.”
Dislocating Career Routine	In dislocating routines, “the person lives with an identity they do not like, neither becoming socialised to accept it, nor feeling able to initiate a transformation, perhaps because they hanker after a previous identity which is no longer accessible to them. This can happen, for example, as a result of traumatic illness or accident, when the person continues to see the previous activity as desirable, even though it is now impossible to attain.”

Career turning points	Description
Structural turning points	Structural turning points are determined by external structures, e.g. the end of schooling or retirement
Self-initiated turning points	Self-initiated turning points are the result of an individuals’ initiating a transformation on their own accord, in response to a range of factors in their personal life in that field, but not as required by any particular structural system
Forced turning points	Turning points are forced by (sudden) external events or the actions of others. A common example is redundancy or an accident or injury
Career Routines
Confirmatory Career Routine	Confirmatory routines “reinforce a career decision already made, so that the new identity develops broadly in the way in which the subject hoped and intended.”
Socialising Career Routine	Socialising routines “confirm an identity that was not originally desired”. Here, these routines socialise a person into accepting a career that was reluctantly entered, perhaps because nothing better was available at the time as appropriate
Evolutionary Career Routine	Evolutionary routines “occur when a person gradually changes, outgrowing their original career identity, in ways that are not especially contradictory or painful. Such evolutionary routines may result in an eventual transformation, with or without a contributing turning point.”
Contradictory Career Routine	During contradictory routines, “the person’s experiences undermine the original decision, as he/she becomes dissatisfied and either begins to regret an original change or, alternatively, decides that the current experience is no longer adequate or appropriate.” “The result of such contradictory routines is to undermine the identity assumed at the previous turning-point.”
Dislocating Career Routine	In dislocating routines, “the person lives with an identity they do not like, neither becoming socialised to accept it, nor feeling able to initiate a transformation, perhaps because they hanker after a previous identity which is no longer accessible to them. This can happen, for example, as a result of traumatic illness or accident, when the person continues to see the previous activity as desirable, even though it is now impossible to attain.”

Source(s): Based on Hodkinson and Sparkes (1997, pp. 40-41)