Mean score of the pre-test of both groups
| Steps of learning strategies | Items | Group | N | Mean rank | Sum of ranks | Mann–Whitney U test | Z | Sig. (Two-tailed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifying and defining the problem | IDP1 | Experimental | 80 | 72.50 | 6620.00 | 3020.3000 | −0.818 | 0.413 |
| Control | 80 | 68.50 | 6260.00 | |||||
| IDP2 | Experimental | 80 | 77.08 | 6166.00 | 2926.000 | −1.177 | 0.239 | |
| Control | 80 | 83.93 | 6714.00 | |||||
| IDP3 | Experimental | 80 | 79.63 | 6370.50 | 3130.500 | −0.310 | 0.757 | |
| Control | 80 | 81.37 | 6509.50 | |||||
| Building knowledge from contextual learning | BK1 | Experimental | 80 | 81.01 | 6481.00 | 3159.000 | −0.169 | 0.866 |
| Control | 80 | 79.99 | 6399.00 | |||||
| BK2 | Experimental | 80 | 82.66 | 6612.50 | 3027.500 | −0.950 | 0.342 | |
| Control | 80 | 78.34 | 6267.50 | |||||
| BK3 | Experimental | 80 | 77.75 | 6220.00 | 2980.000 | −1.308 | 0.191 | |
| Control | 80 | 83.25 | 6660.00 | |||||
| Applying physics and mechanical engineering to problem solving | AP1 | Experimental | 80 | 81.51 | 6521.00 | 3119.000 | −0.332 | 0.740 |
| Control | 80 | 79.49 | 6359.00 | |||||
| AP2 | Experimental | 80 | 85.03 | 6802.50 | 2837.000 | −1.371 | 0.170 | |
| Control | 80 | 75.97 | 6077.50 | |||||
| AP3 | Experimental | 80 | 83.26 | 6661.00 | 2979.000 | −0.825 | 0.409 | |
| Control | 80 | 77.74 | 6219.00 | |||||
| Integrating knowledge | IK1 | Experimental | 80 | 80.03 | 6402.00 | 3162.000 | −0.221 | 0.825 |
| Control | 80 | 80.98 | 6478.00 | |||||
| IK2 | Experimental | 80 | 78.10 | 6248.00 | 3008.000 | −0.757 | 0.449 | |
| Control | 80 | 82.90 | 6632.00 | |||||
| IK3 | Experimental | 80 | 83.84 | 6707.50 | 2932.500 | −1.171 | 0.242 | |
| Control | 80 | 77.16 | 6172.50 |
| Steps of learning strategies | Items | Group | N | Mean rank | Sum of ranks | Mann–Whitney | Z | Sig. (Two-tailed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifying and defining the problem | IDP1 | Experimental | 80 | 72.50 | 6620.00 | 3020.3000 | −0.818 | 0.413 |
| Control | 80 | 68.50 | 6260.00 | |||||
| IDP2 | Experimental | 80 | 77.08 | 6166.00 | 2926.000 | −1.177 | 0.239 | |
| Control | 80 | 83.93 | 6714.00 | |||||
| IDP3 | Experimental | 80 | 79.63 | 6370.50 | 3130.500 | −0.310 | 0.757 | |
| Control | 80 | 81.37 | 6509.50 | |||||
| Building knowledge from contextual learning | BK1 | Experimental | 80 | 81.01 | 6481.00 | 3159.000 | −0.169 | 0.866 |
| Control | 80 | 79.99 | 6399.00 | |||||
| BK2 | Experimental | 80 | 82.66 | 6612.50 | 3027.500 | −0.950 | 0.342 | |
| Control | 80 | 78.34 | 6267.50 | |||||
| BK3 | Experimental | 80 | 77.75 | 6220.00 | 2980.000 | −1.308 | 0.191 | |
| Control | 80 | 83.25 | 6660.00 | |||||
| Applying physics and mechanical engineering to problem solving | AP1 | Experimental | 80 | 81.51 | 6521.00 | 3119.000 | −0.332 | 0.740 |
| Control | 80 | 79.49 | 6359.00 | |||||
| AP2 | Experimental | 80 | 85.03 | 6802.50 | 2837.000 | −1.371 | 0.170 | |
| Control | 80 | 75.97 | 6077.50 | |||||
| AP3 | Experimental | 80 | 83.26 | 6661.00 | 2979.000 | −0.825 | 0.409 | |
| Control | 80 | 77.74 | 6219.00 | |||||
| Integrating knowledge | IK1 | Experimental | 80 | 80.03 | 6402.00 | 3162.000 | −0.221 | 0.825 |
| Control | 80 | 80.98 | 6478.00 | |||||
| IK2 | Experimental | 80 | 78.10 | 6248.00 | 3008.000 | −0.757 | 0.449 | |
| Control | 80 | 82.90 | 6632.00 | |||||
| IK3 | Experimental | 80 | 83.84 | 6707.50 | 2932.500 | −1.171 | 0.242 | |
| Control | 80 | 77.16 | 6172.50 |
Source(s): Author’s calculations
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