Table 1

Data description and sources

Variable name/SymbolsDescriptionData source
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)The total inflow of foreign direct investment into GCC countries.World Bank (2024b) 
Economic Growth (GDP)The real gross domestic product (US Dollar) measured using the deflator value to ensure the inflation condition considered based on the following formulationWorld Bank (2024b) 
Financial Stability (FS)The domestic credit to the private sector is measured as a percentage of the country’s GDP.World Bank (2024b) 
Trade Openness (TOP)The ratio of exports and imports measured by GDP is the total volume of exports and importsWorld Bank (2024b) 
Political stability (PS)Political index indicates the measurement of political stability of the country.Center for Systemic Peace (2024) Polity IV

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