Table 1 Effects of municipal council...

Table 1

Effects of municipal council size in local elections

	Electoral outcomes
	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Seats	Total candidates	Candidates per seat
β bias-correcteds.e.	0.726***	11.494*	0.582
β bias-correcteds.e.	(0.145)	(5.046)	(0.467)
Bandwidth	1,736	1,469	1,109
Observations	2,075	1,823	1,464

	Electoral outcomes
β bias-correcteds.e.	0.726***	11.494*	0.582
(0.145)	(5.046)	(0.467)
Bandwidth	1,736	1,469	1,109
Observations	2,075	1,823	1,464

	Racial representation
	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Non-white candidates	Non-white elected	At least 1 non-white	Share of non-white candidates	Share of non-white elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	7.268	1.136**	0.035	5.715*	5,503
	(3.849)	(0.357)	(0.022)	(2.735)	(3.051)
Bandwidth	1,336	1,405	2,222	1,717	1,781
Observations	1,728	1,926	2,609	2,103	2,276

	Racial representation
	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Non-white candidates	Non-white elected	At least 1 non-white	Share of non-white candidates	Share of non-white elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	7.268	1.136**	0.035	5.715*	5,503
	(3.849)	(0.357)	(0.022)	(2.735)	(3.051)
Bandwidth	1,336	1,405	2,222	1,717	1,781
Observations	1,728	1,926	2,609	2,103	2,276

	Gender representation
	(9)	(10)	11)	(12)	(13)
	Women candidates	Women elected	At least 1 woman	Share of women candidates	Share of women elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	3.718*	0.029	0.014	−0.377	−0.473
β bias-correcteds.e.	(1.745)	(0.097)	(0.036)	(0.241)	(0.754)
Bandwidth	1,370	2,987	2,784	1,432	5,639
Observations	1,725	2,918	2,795	1,788	4,552

	Gender representation
	(9)	(10)	11)	(12)	(13)
	Women candidates	Women elected	At least 1 woman	Share of women candidates	Share of women elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	3.718*	0.029	0.014	−0.377	−0.473
β bias-correcteds.e.	(1.745)	(0.097)	(0.036)	(0.241)	(0.754)
Bandwidth	1,370	2,987	2,784	1,432	5,639
Observations	1,725	2,918	2,795	1,788	4,552

	Age representation
	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	(18)	(19)	(20)	(21)
	Candidates under 30	Share of candidates under 30	Elected under 30	Share of elected under 30	Candidates over 60	Share of candidates over 60	Elected over 60	Share of elected over 60
β bias-correcteds.e.	1.636**	0.685	0.000	−0.042	0.911	−0.278	−0.046	−0.974
β bias-correcteds.e.	(0.531)	(0.360)	(0.069)	(0.670)	(0.665)	(0.406)	(0.066)	(0.796)
Bandwidth	1,455	3,734	3,024	3,502	1,635	2,583	4,142	2,701
Observations	1,831	3,424	3,070	3,396	2,015	2,705	4,182	3,144

	Age representation
	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	(18)	(19)	(20)	(21)
	Candidates under 30	Share of candidates under 30	Elected under 30	Share of elected under 30	Candidates over 60	Share of candidates over 60	Elected over 60	Share of elected over 60
β bias-correcteds.e.	1.636**	0.685	0.000	−0.042	0.911	−0.278	−0.046	−0.974
β bias-correcteds.e.	(0.531)	(0.360)	(0.069)	(0.670)	(0.665)	(0.406)	(0.066)	(0.796)
Bandwidth	1,455	3,734	3,024	3,502	1,635	2,583	4,142	2,701
Observations	1,831	3,424	3,070	3,396	2,015	2,705	4,182	3,144

	Educational attainment representation
	(22)	(23)	(24)	(25)	(26)	(27)	(28)	(29)
	High school graduates candidates	Share of high school graduates candidates	High school graduates elected	Share of high school graduates elected	College graduates candidates	Share of college graduates candidates	College graduates elected	Share of college graduates elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	7.358*	0.661	0.858***	2.786	2.147	1.566*	0.497*	3.392
β bias-correcteds.e.	(3.416)	(1.040)	(0.236)	(1.697)	(1.225)	(0.781)	(0.194)	(1.868)
Bandwidth	1,444	2,006	1,368	1,885	1,378	1,586	1,637	1,366
Observations	1,801	2,263	1,722	2,184	1,749	1,961	2,001	1,753

	Educational attainment representation
	(22)	(23)	(24)	(25)	(26)	(27)	(28)	(29)
	High school graduates candidates	Share of high school graduates candidates	High school graduates elected	Share of high school graduates elected	College graduates candidates	Share of college graduates candidates	College graduates elected	Share of college graduates elected
β bias-correcteds.e.	7.358*	0.661	0.858***	2.786	2.147	1.566*	0.497*	3.392
β bias-correcteds.e.	(3.416)	(1.040)	(0.236)	(1.697)	(1.225)	(0.781)	(0.194)	(1.868)
Bandwidth	1,444	2,006	1,368	1,885	1,378	1,586	1,637	1,366
Observations	1,801	2,263	1,722	2,184	1,749	1,961	2,001	1,753

Note(s): This table reports the reduced-form effects of council size on the pool of candidates and elected councilors in local elections. The estimates are derived from regression discontinuity (RD) designs, utilizing a local polynomial estimator with a uniform kernel. The optimal bandwidth for each regression, minimizing mean squared error (MSE), was chosen following the method outlined in Calonico et al. (2014, 2018). Significance levels are denoted by: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

Source(s): Table by authors

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