Table 1 Demographic characteristics by...

Table 1

Demographic characteristics by entry timing of apps

Characteristic		Capitals		Transport sector		Driver		SE driver
Characteristic		12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX
Gender	Male	47%	48%	86%	90%*	93%	93%	92%	93%
Gender	Female	53%	52%	14%	10%*	7%	7%	8%	7%
Color	White	47%	45%*	41%	38%	49%	43%*	53%	44%**
Color	Black and Indigenous	53%	55%*	59%	62%	51%	57%*	47%	56%**
Education	Incomplete middle education	32%	30%	20%	18%	21%	16%	21%	15%*
	Complete middle education	15%	14%	20%	18%	20%	14%***	20%	14%**
	Complete secondary education	31%	31%*	54%	58%	54%	60%***	52%	60%**
	Complete higher education	22%	24%***	6%	7%	6%	10%***	6%	11%*
Ocupational types	Employee	69%	66%***	54%	50%	17%	16%**	–	–
	Employer	4%	5%	3%	1%***	5%	0%**	–	–
	Self-employed	20%	23%***	43%	49%**	78%	83%***	100%	100%
	Others	6%	6%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
SE driver	SE Driver 1 Job	–	–	–	–	–	–	98%	97%
SE driver	SE Driver 2 Job	–	–	–	–	–	–	2%	3%
Age	Average age	34	35	41	42	45	43*	46	43***
Income	Average income (R$)	3,827	3,796	2,971	2,683**	3,583	3,034	3,610	3,117***
Income	Average income per hour (R$/h)	16	18	10	11	12	12**	12	13*
Social security contribution	Yes	73%	72%	67%	66%	53%	52%*	48%	48%*
Social security contribution	No	27%	28%	33%	34%	47%	48%*	52%	52%*

Characteristic		Capitals		Transport sector		Driver		SE driver
Characteristic		12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX	12m before UberX	12m after UberX
Gender	Male	47%	48%	86%	90%*	93%	93%	92%	93%
Gender	Female	53%	52%	14%	10%*	7%	7%	8%	7%
Color	White	47%	45%*	41%	38%	49%	43%*	53%	44%**
Color	Black and Indigenous	53%	55%*	59%	62%	51%	57%*	47%	56%**
Education	Incomplete middle education	32%	30%	20%	18%	21%	16%	21%	15%*
	Complete middle education	15%	14%	20%	18%	20%	14%***	20%	14%**
	Complete secondary education	31%	31%*	54%	58%	54%	60%***	52%	60%**
	Complete higher education	22%	24%***	6%	7%	6%	10%***	6%	11%*
Ocupational types	Employee	69%	66%***	54%	50%	17%	16%**	–	–
	Employer	4%	5%	3%	1%***	5%	0%**	–	–
	Self-employed	20%	23%***	43%	49%**	78%	83%***	100%	100%
	Others	6%	6%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
SE driver	SE Driver 1 Job	–	–	–	–	–	–	98%	97%
SE driver	SE Driver 2 Job	–	–	–	–	–	–	2%	3%
Age	Average age	34	35	41	42	45	43*	46	43***
Income	Average income (R$)	3,827	3,796	2,971	2,683**	3,583	3,034	3,610	3,117***
Income	Average income per hour (R$/h)	16	18	10	11	12	12**	12	13*
Social security contribution	Yes	73%	72%	67%	66%	53%	52%*	48%	48%*
Social security contribution	No	27%	28%	33%	34%	47%	48%*	52%	52%*

Note(s): *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.01 represent statistical significance levels based on a Student’s t-test for means

Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration with data from PNAD-C/IBGE

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