Table 2 Main attributes of the...

Table 2

Main attributes of the individual orchestration competence

Orchestrator roles	Orchestration dimensions (Orchestration practices)								Capacities…	Orchestration competence attributes
	Agenda setting	Mobilization	Network stability	Knowledge creation and transfer	Innovation Appropriability	Coordination	Co-creation	Communication management
			Orchestration activities (work practices)
ARCHITECT	Identifying opportunities, setting the goals	Selecting the network members				Following the plans and execution of activities			…to identify opportunities, set goals and plans	Systemic view Strategic thinking Recognize opportunities Members mapping and selection skills Actors’ mobilizing skills Teamwork Skills to plan, coordinate and execute individual and collective activities and actions
JUDGE	Taking control over plans, determining performance standards	Defining and implementing the network			Setting the innovation rules for value appropriation	Monitoring and adapting performance standards			...to determine, monitor, enforce and adapt performance standards for participants	Skills to plan, coordinate and execute individual and collective activities and actions Knowing how to monitor performance standards and metrics of innovations generated Actors’ mobilizing skills Generate trust Technical knowledge (intellectual property)
GATEKEEPER				Extracting knowledge from outside the network and disseminating it among network members					…to acquire and transmit information	Knowledge of specificities external to the network Knowledge sharing skills Communication skills
CONDUCTOR				Acquiring and transforming information to strengthen the actors’ own core competences		Allocating tasks to other network members	Sharing knowledge to co-create		…to acquire and exploit information	Knowledge of specificities to generate new knowledge Knowing how to identify and recognize the role of each member of the network for task allocation Co-creation
REPRESENTATIVE				Sharing knowledge on the network with outsiders Providing and filtering information	Evaluating how much can be shared to maintain innovation appropriability				...to share information with outsiders	Knowledge sharing skills Internal and external relationship skills to the network (individual and collective) Skills to share, filter, analysis and evaluate information with outsiders
LIAISON				Operating as an external intermediate between network members or between networks		Shaping and advancing exchange processes			...to act as an intermediary in and between networks	Skills to establish internal and external network contacts Skills to promote exchanges and interactions between internal members or networks Skills to coordinate and organize activities and processes
COORDINATOR			Administrating interaction between network members for increasing ties			Practical administration of interaction between network members			...to enforce interaction between network members	Align interest of members and ecosystem Skills to promote interaction between members
AUCTIONEER	Setting agenda for introducing a joint vision to the network	Creating a joint vision and promoting it							...to create a joint vision and promote that	Setting agenda skills Systemic view Actors’ mobilizing skills Skills to promote a joint vision for decision making
DEVELOPER				Developing and strengthening the (in) tangible assets	Strengthening the intangible assets		Sharing knowledge to co-create		...to develop assets for and within network	Create concrete assets based on knowledge mobility (intellectual property) Co-creation
PROMOTER	Introducing new ideas into the network; Getting network members to work toward the same goal		Engaging actors into an innovation development						...to get network members to work for the same goal	Skills to establish collective individual goals Skills to manage and engage members towards the same goal
LEADER	Specifying contributions to the orchestrator to the network, to others; specifying benefits of participation	Motivating and fostering (spontaneous) collaboration	Providing support; managing the texture of interactions with long-term view			Clarifying the roles of network members			...to motivate collaboration and clarify roles	Align interest of members and ecosystem Skills to connect members Skills to initiate and conduct collaborative project Skills for building an ecosystem identity Knowledge of specificities of members’ role
FACILITATOR			Bring together different parts to work together/to collaborate				Sharing knowledge to co-create		...to facilitate the collectively creation …to integrate the members	Skills to integrate different members to work collectively Co-creation
COMMUNICATOR								Conduct communicating activities and disseminating actions and institutional projects to the public and engaging them in the network	...to communicate and disseminate the institutional actions and projects to the public and engage them	Communication skills

Orchestrator roles	Orchestration dimensions (Orchestration practices)								Capacities…	Orchestration competence attributes
	Agenda setting	Mobilization	Network stability	Knowledge creation and transfer	Innovation Appropriability	Coordination	Co-creation	Communication management
			Orchestration activities (work practices)
ARCHITECT	Identifying opportunities, setting the goals	Selecting the network members				Following the plans and execution of activities			…to identify opportunities, set goals and plans	Systemic view Strategic thinking Recognize opportunities Members mapping and selection skills Actors’ mobilizing skills Teamwork Skills to plan, coordinate and execute individual and collective activities and actions
JUDGE	Taking control over plans, determining performance standards	Defining and implementing the network			Setting the innovation rules for value appropriation	Monitoring and adapting performance standards			...to determine, monitor, enforce and adapt performance standards for participants	Skills to plan, coordinate and execute individual and collective activities and actions Knowing how to monitor performance standards and metrics of innovations generated Actors’ mobilizing skills Generate trust Technical knowledge (intellectual property)
GATEKEEPER				Extracting knowledge from outside the network and disseminating it among network members					…to acquire and transmit information	Knowledge of specificities external to the network Knowledge sharing skills Communication skills
CONDUCTOR				Acquiring and transforming information to strengthen the actors’ own core competences		Allocating tasks to other network members	Sharing knowledge to co-create		…to acquire and exploit information	Knowledge of specificities to generate new knowledge Knowing how to identify and recognize the role of each member of the network for task allocation Co-creation
REPRESENTATIVE				Sharing knowledge on the network with outsidersProviding and filtering information	Evaluating how much can be shared to maintain innovation appropriability				...to share information with outsiders	Knowledge sharing skills Internal and external relationship skills to the network (individual and collective) Skills to share, filter, analysis and evaluate information with outsiders
LIAISON				Operating as an external intermediate between network members or between networks		Shaping and advancing exchange processes			...to act as an intermediary in and between networks	Skills to establish internal and external network contacts Skills to promote exchanges and interactions between internal members or networks Skills to coordinate and organize activities and processes
COORDINATOR			Administrating interaction between network members for increasing ties			Practical administration of interaction between network members			...to enforce interaction between network members	Align interest of members and ecosystem Skills to promote interaction between members
AUCTIONEER	Setting agenda for introducing a joint vision to the network	Creating a joint vision and promoting it							...to create a joint vision and promote that	Setting agenda skills Systemic view Actors’ mobilizing skills Skills to promote a joint vision for decision making
DEVELOPER				Developing and strengthening the (in) tangible assets	Strengthening the intangible assets		Sharing knowledge to co-create		...to develop assets for and within network	Create concrete assets based on knowledge mobility (intellectual property) Co-creation
PROMOTER	Introducing new ideas into the network; Getting network members to work toward the same goal		Engaging actors into an innovation development						...to get network members to work for the same goal	Skills to establish collective individual goals Skills to manage and engage members towards the same goal
LEADER	Specifying contributions to the orchestrator to the network, to others; specifying benefits of participation	Motivating and fostering (spontaneous) collaboration	Providing support; managing the texture of interactions with long-term view			Clarifying the roles of network members			...to motivate collaboration and clarify roles	Align interest of members and ecosystem Skills to connect members Skills to initiate and conduct collaborative project Skills for building an ecosystem identity Knowledge of specificities of members’ role
FACILITATOR			Bring together different parts to work together/to collaborate				Sharing knowledge to co-create		...to facilitate the collectively creation…to integrate the members	Skills to integrate different members to work collectively Co-creation
COMMUNICATOR								Conduct communicating activities and disseminating actions and institutional projects to the public and engaging them in the network	...to communicate and disseminate the institutional actions and projects to the public and engage them	Communication skills

Source(s): Prepared by the authors based on Dhanaraj and Parkhe (2006), Hurmelinna-Laukkanen et al. (2011), Pikkarainen et al. (2017), Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Nätti (2018), Da Silva and Bitencourt (2019), Mignoni et al. (2021), Nilsen and Gausdal (2017), and Hurmelinna-Laukkanen et al. (2022)

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