Table 1 Constructs and variables...

Table 1

Constructs and variables

Construct	Indicators	References
Relational social capital	CSR1 - Close personal interaction	García-Villaverde et al. (2018), Kale et al. (2000)
	CSR2 - Mutual respect
	CSR3 - Mutual trust
	CSR4 - Personal friendship
	CSR5 - Reciprocity
Relational risk perception	PRR1 - Breach of signed contract	Bazyar et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2008)
	PRR2 - Theft of trade information
	PRR3 - Information fraud
Knowledge inflow	E1 - Examine the external environment	Cheng and Shiu (2015), Sisodiya, Johnson, and Grégoire (2013)
	E2 - Engage external partners
	E3 - Acquire intellectual property
	E4 - Use external sources
Knowledge outflow	S1 - Sell licenses	Cheng and Shiu (2015)
	S2 - Offer license agreements
	S3 - Strengthen the use of intellectual properties
	S4 - Create companies (spin-offs)
Innovation capability	CAP1 - Partially modify products/services	Liu, Huang, Dou, and Zhao (2017)
	CAP2 - Partially modify processes
	CAP3 - Partially modify organizational methods
	CAP4 - Partially modify design
	CAP5 - Completely modify products/services
	CAP6 - Completely modify processes
	CAP7 - Completely modify organizational methods
	CAP8 - Completely modify design
Relational intensity	INT - Degree of relationship intensity

Construct	Indicators	References
Relational social capital	CSR1 - Close personal interaction	García-Villaverde et al. (2018), Kale et al. (2000)
	CSR2 - Mutual respect
	CSR3 - Mutual trust
	CSR4 - Personal friendship
	CSR5 - Reciprocity
Relational risk perception	PRR1 - Breach of signed contract	Bazyar et al. (2013), Liu et al. (2008)
	PRR2 - Theft of trade information
	PRR3 - Information fraud
Knowledge inflow	E1 - Examine the external environment	Cheng and Shiu (2015), Sisodiya, Johnson, and Grégoire (2013)
	E2 - Engage external partners
	E3 - Acquire intellectual property
	E4 - Use external sources
Knowledge outflow	S1 - Sell licenses	Cheng and Shiu (2015)
	S2 - Offer license agreements
	S3 - Strengthen the use of intellectual properties
	S4 - Create companies (spin-offs)
Innovation capability	CAP1 - Partially modify products/services	Liu, Huang, Dou, and Zhao (2017)
	CAP2 - Partially modify processes
	CAP3 - Partially modify organizational methods
	CAP4 - Partially modify design
	CAP5 - Completely modify products/services
	CAP6 - Completely modify processes
	CAP7 - Completely modify organizational methods
	CAP8 - Completely modify design
Relational intensity	INT - Degree of relationship intensity

Source(s): Survey data. Authors’ own work

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