Table 1 Analysis of students’ awe...

Table 1

Analysis of students’ awe experience based on Keltner’s (2023) types of awe

Types of awe (Keltner, 2023)	Definition	F	%	Emerging concepts
Moral beauty	The exceptional character, virtue, and ability of others	12	19.6	“Interactions with certain role models like high school teachers, piano teachers”
Collective effervescence	The feeling of a large group of people moving in unison	13	21.3	“I was in awe of how much we could do to help our community,” Helping out the community is such a rewarding experience.”
Nature	The physical beauty of landscapes	17	27.8	“An awe-inspiring experience was watching the sunrise over Mount Kilimanjaro.”
Music	Experiences at concerts, chanting in religious ceremony, or simply singing with others	1	1.6	“Attending a live concert where the energy of the music created an indescribable sense of connection.”
Visual designs	Buildings, dams, and paintings	2	3.2	“Getting to see the Gateway Arch in person in St. Louis, Missouri.”
Spiritual experiences	Mystical awe; classic religious conversion stories	4	6.5	“Being closer to God”, “A religious moment where I felt the presence of God.”
Epiphany	Learn something unexpected that changes our worldview	27	44.2	“Arriving at college and feeling tiny compared to the huge number of students around me.”
Life and death	The beginnings and endings of life	2	3.2	“Seeing my little cousin born”

Types of awe (Keltner, 2023)	Definition	F	%	Emerging concepts
Moral beauty	The exceptional character, virtue, and ability of others	12	19.6	“Interactions with certain role models like high school teachers, piano teachers”
Collective effervescence	The feeling of a large group of people moving in unison	13	21.3	“I was in awe of how much we could do to help our community,” Helping out the community is such a rewarding experience.”
Nature	The physical beauty of landscapes	17	27.8	“An awe-inspiring experience was watching the sunrise over Mount Kilimanjaro.”
Music	Experiences at concerts, chanting in religious ceremony, or simply singing with others	1	1.6	“Attending a live concert where the energy of the music created an indescribable sense of connection.”
Visual designs	Buildings, dams, and paintings	2	3.2	“Getting to see the Gateway Arch in person in St. Louis, Missouri.”
Spiritual experiences	Mystical awe; classic religious conversion stories	4	6.5	“Being closer to God”, “A religious moment where I felt the presence of God.”
Epiphany	Learn something unexpected that changes our worldview	27	44.2	“Arriving at college and feeling tiny compared to the huge number of students around me.”
Life and death	The beginnings and endings of life	2	3.2	“Seeing my little cousin born”

Note(s): F = Frequency, % = Percentage of each type of awe. The table shows the analysis of students’ experience of awe based on Keltner (2023) categorization. The emerging concepts which include excerpts from students’ responses give a broader explanation of the awe types

Source(s): Created by the authors

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