Scores of the 55 countries ranked by overall image
| Country | Familiarity | Overall image | Intention to relocate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
| CA | Canada | 3.49 | 1.16 | 4.27 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.29 |
| JA | Japan | 3.17 | 1.25 | 4.08 | 1.03 | 0.74 | 0.44 |
| FI | Finland | 2.74 | 1.11 | 3.99 | 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.46 |
| GB | United Kingdom | 3.76 | 1.16 | 3.99 | 1.07 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| BE | Belgium | 3.02 | 1.18 | 3.97 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.39 |
| IT | Italy | 3.52 | 1.2 | 3.97 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| AU | Australia | 2.97 | 1.21 | 3.95 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.42 |
| DE | Germany | 3.25 | 1.24 | 3.92 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| FR | France | 3.43 | 1.25 | 3.88 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.37 |
| SE | Sweden | 2.8 | 1.14 | 3.87 | 1.1 | 0.78 | 0.41 |
| MV | Maldives | 2.62 | 1.16 | 3.85 | 1.02 | 0.59 | 0.49 |
| NZ | New Zealand | 2.81 | 1.11 | 3.84 | 1.12 | 0.77 | 0.42 |
| AT | Austria | 2.81 | 1.26 | 3.83 | 0.95 | 0.7 | 0.46 |
| PT | Portugal | 3.15 | 1.22 | 3.79 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 0.38 |
| US | United States | 3.83 | 1.13 | 3.66 | 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.38 |
| CR | Costa Rica | 2.58 | 1.17 | 3.55 | 1.05 | 0.62 | 0.49 |
| PL | Poland | 2.71 | 1.12 | 3.46 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 0.5 |
| TH | Thailand | 2.81 | 1.19 | 3.45 | 1.1 | 0.61 | 0.49 |
| AE | United Arab Emirates | 3.13 | 1.29 | 3.37 | 1.37 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| IND | Indonesia | 2.67 | 1.11 | 3.35 | 1.03 | 0.45 | 0.5 |
| UY | Uruguay | 2.43 | 1.15 | 3.35 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 0.5 |
| MU | Mauritius | 2.13 | 1.16 | 3.34 | 1.11 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| EE | Estonia | 2.2 | 1.1 | 3.33 | 1.13 | 0.46 | 0.5 |
| QA | Qatar | 2.58 | 1.1 | 3.33 | 1.34 | 0.55 | 0.5 |
| CL | Chile | 2.62 | 1.24 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| CO | Colombia | 2.85 | 1.15 | 3.29 | 1.24 | 0.53 | 0.5 |
| TR | Türkiye | 2.89 | 1.26 | 3.27 | 1.25 | 0.53 | 0.5 |
| SK | Slovakia | 2.24 | 1.07 | 3.26 | 1.01 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| JA | Jamaica | 2.49 | 1.13 | 3.25 | 1.12 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| MX | Mexico | 3 | 1.14 | 3.25 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.5 |
| BB | Barbados | 2.16 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 1.08 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
| PR | Puerto Rico | 2.3 | 1.05 | 3.22 | 1.09 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| LT | Lithuania | 2.13 | 1.07 | 3.19 | 1.08 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| PE | Peru | 2.37 | 1.05 | 3.19 | 1.08 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
| ZA | South Africa | 2.86 | 1.23 | 3.17 | 1.15 | 0.52 | 0.5 |
| VN | Vietnam | 2.54 | 1.03 | 3.17 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 0.5 |
| MA | Morocco | 2.53 | 1.12 | 3.15 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| EG | Egypt | 2.71 | 1.15 | 3.14 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| KG | Kyrgyzstan | 1.86 | 1.01 | 3.07 | 1.13 | 0.25 | 0.43 |
| IN | India | 2.88 | 1.15 | 3.04 | 1.22 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
| AM | Armenia | 2.14 | 1.12 | 3.02 | 1.14 | 0.34 | 0.48 |
| RS | Serbia | 2.32 | 1.02 | 3.01 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| SV | El Salvador | 2.34 | 1.03 | 2.98 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| KE | Kenya | 2.37 | 1.04 | 2.98 | 1.17 | 0.32 | 0.47 |
| AL | Albania | 2.28 | 1.07 | 2.95 | 1.2 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| AZ | Azerbaijan | 2.04 | 1.01 | 2.92 | 1.32 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| SA | Saudi Arabia | 2.56 | 1.12 | 2.86 | 1.42 | 0.41 | 0.49 |
| IL | Israel | 2.42 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.38 | 0.49 |
| MM | Myanmar | 2.11 | 1.06 | 2.77 | 1.34 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| CN | China | 2.95 | 1.18 | 2.75 | 1.44 | 0.43 | 0.5 |
| NG | Nigeria | 2.3 | 1.04 | 2.72 | 1.29 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| ET | Ethiopia | 2.17 | 0.98 | 2.68 | 1.29 | 0.3 | 0.46 |
| VE | Venezuela | 2.43 | 1.05 | 2.61 | 1.33 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
| SD | Sudan | 2.17 | 1.12 | 2.44 | 1.38 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| IR | Iran | 2.3 | 0.97 | 1.97 | 1.43 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Country | Familiarity | Overall image | Intention to relocate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
| CA | Canada | 3.49 | 1.16 | 4.27 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.29 |
| JA | Japan | 3.17 | 1.25 | 4.08 | 1.03 | 0.74 | 0.44 |
| FI | Finland | 2.74 | 1.11 | 3.99 | 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.46 |
| GB | United Kingdom | 3.76 | 1.16 | 3.99 | 1.07 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| BE | Belgium | 3.02 | 1.18 | 3.97 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.39 |
| IT | Italy | 3.52 | 1.2 | 3.97 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| AU | Australia | 2.97 | 1.21 | 3.95 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.42 |
| DE | Germany | 3.25 | 1.24 | 3.92 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.39 |
| FR | France | 3.43 | 1.25 | 3.88 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.37 |
| SE | Sweden | 2.8 | 1.14 | 3.87 | 1.1 | 0.78 | 0.41 |
| MV | Maldives | 2.62 | 1.16 | 3.85 | 1.02 | 0.59 | 0.49 |
| NZ | New Zealand | 2.81 | 1.11 | 3.84 | 1.12 | 0.77 | 0.42 |
| AT | Austria | 2.81 | 1.26 | 3.83 | 0.95 | 0.7 | 0.46 |
| PT | Portugal | 3.15 | 1.22 | 3.79 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 0.38 |
| US | United States | 3.83 | 1.13 | 3.66 | 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.38 |
| CR | Costa Rica | 2.58 | 1.17 | 3.55 | 1.05 | 0.62 | 0.49 |
| PL | Poland | 2.71 | 1.12 | 3.46 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 0.5 |
| TH | Thailand | 2.81 | 1.19 | 3.45 | 1.1 | 0.61 | 0.49 |
| AE | United Arab Emirates | 3.13 | 1.29 | 3.37 | 1.37 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| IND | Indonesia | 2.67 | 1.11 | 3.35 | 1.03 | 0.45 | 0.5 |
| UY | Uruguay | 2.43 | 1.15 | 3.35 | 1.08 | 0.54 | 0.5 |
| MU | Mauritius | 2.13 | 1.16 | 3.34 | 1.11 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| EE | Estonia | 2.2 | 1.1 | 3.33 | 1.13 | 0.46 | 0.5 |
| QA | Qatar | 2.58 | 1.1 | 3.33 | 1.34 | 0.55 | 0.5 |
| CL | Chile | 2.62 | 1.24 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| CO | Colombia | 2.85 | 1.15 | 3.29 | 1.24 | 0.53 | 0.5 |
| TR | Türkiye | 2.89 | 1.26 | 3.27 | 1.25 | 0.53 | 0.5 |
| SK | Slovakia | 2.24 | 1.07 | 3.26 | 1.01 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| JA | Jamaica | 2.49 | 1.13 | 3.25 | 1.12 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| MX | Mexico | 3 | 1.14 | 3.25 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.5 |
| BB | Barbados | 2.16 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 1.08 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
| PR | Puerto Rico | 2.3 | 1.05 | 3.22 | 1.09 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| LT | Lithuania | 2.13 | 1.07 | 3.19 | 1.08 | 0.44 | 0.5 |
| PE | Peru | 2.37 | 1.05 | 3.19 | 1.08 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
| ZA | South Africa | 2.86 | 1.23 | 3.17 | 1.15 | 0.52 | 0.5 |
| VN | Vietnam | 2.54 | 1.03 | 3.17 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 0.5 |
| MA | Morocco | 2.53 | 1.12 | 3.15 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| EG | Egypt | 2.71 | 1.15 | 3.14 | 1.21 | 0.47 | 0.5 |
| KG | Kyrgyzstan | 1.86 | 1.01 | 3.07 | 1.13 | 0.25 | 0.43 |
| IN | India | 2.88 | 1.15 | 3.04 | 1.22 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
| AM | Armenia | 2.14 | 1.12 | 3.02 | 1.14 | 0.34 | 0.48 |
| RS | Serbia | 2.32 | 1.02 | 3.01 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| SV | El Salvador | 2.34 | 1.03 | 2.98 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| KE | Kenya | 2.37 | 1.04 | 2.98 | 1.17 | 0.32 | 0.47 |
| AL | Albania | 2.28 | 1.07 | 2.95 | 1.2 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| AZ | Azerbaijan | 2.04 | 1.01 | 2.92 | 1.32 | 0.35 | 0.48 |
| SA | Saudi Arabia | 2.56 | 1.12 | 2.86 | 1.42 | 0.41 | 0.49 |
| IL | Israel | 2.42 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.38 | 0.49 |
| MM | Myanmar | 2.11 | 1.06 | 2.77 | 1.34 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| CN | China | 2.95 | 1.18 | 2.75 | 1.44 | 0.43 | 0.5 |
| NG | Nigeria | 2.3 | 1.04 | 2.72 | 1.29 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| ET | Ethiopia | 2.17 | 0.98 | 2.68 | 1.29 | 0.3 | 0.46 |
| VE | Venezuela | 2.43 | 1.05 | 2.61 | 1.33 | 0.36 | 0.48 |
| SD | Sudan | 2.17 | 1.12 | 2.44 | 1.38 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| IR | Iran | 2.3 | 0.97 | 1.97 | 1.43 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
Note(s): Variable ranges: familiarity = 1–5, overall image = 0–5, intention to relocate = 0–1. SD, standard deviation
Source(s): Authors’ own work