Table 4 Stationarity tests Var./tests... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Stationarity tests

Var./tests	Levin, Lin & Chu t^*		Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat		ADF - Fisher Chi-square		Decisions
	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)	I(.)
GG	−1.62366	(−6.81490)^***	0.55932	(−7.51576)^***	55.1622	142.691^***	I(1)
DMBA	(−3.80915)^***	(−8.55516)^***	−1.23262	(−7.76640)^***	51.0844	142.425^***	I(1)
SMC	(−1.61038)^**		(−3.03588)^***		74.8009^***		I(0)
ET	(−5.94873)^***		(−5.22310)^***		106.497^***		I(0)
RPA	(−3.95)^***	(−10.0541)^***	0.20963	(−8.82075)^***	44.5088	164.140^***	I(1)
NRPA	(−4.30741)^***		(−2.28045)^**		69.9456^***		I(0)
Trade	(−3.35138)^***	(−14.9592)^***	−1.20874	(−13.6902)^***	49.4745	245.844^***	I(1)

Var./tests	Levin, Lin & Chu t^*		Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat		ADF - Fisher Chi-square		Decisions
	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)	I(0)	I(1)	I(.)
GG	−1.62366	(−6.81490)^***	0.55932	(−7.51576)^***	55.1622	142.691^***	I(1)
DMBA	(−3.80915)^***	(−8.55516)^***	−1.23262	(−7.76640)^***	51.0844	142.425^***	I(1)
SMC	(−1.61038)^**		(−3.03588)^***		74.8009^***		I(0)
ET	(−5.94873)^***		(−5.22310)^***		106.497^***		I(0)
RPA	(−3.95)^***	(−10.0541)^***	0.20963	(−8.82075)^***	44.5088	164.140^***	I(1)
NRPA	(−4.30741)^***		(−2.28045)^**		69.9456^***		I(0)
Trade	(−3.35138)^***	(−14.9592)^***	−1.20874	(−13.6902)^***	49.4745	245.844^***	I(1)

Note(s): p-values significance tests are in parentheses. ^* Significant at 10%, ^** Significant at 10%, ^*** Significant at 10%

Source(s): Author’s compilation (2025)