Table 8 Regressions on eco-innovation...

Table 8

Regressions on eco-innovation index in developed and developing countries

	PANEL A		PANEL B
Variables	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)
GEND	0.015*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.003)	−0.001 (0.006)	0.005 (0.005)
BMEET	0.024*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.004)	−0.008 (0.006)	−0.005 (0.005)
BSIZE	−0.007 (0.012)	0.029* (0.015)	−0.002 (0.017)	−0.025 (0.021)
SKILLS	−0.009*** (0.002)	−0.007*** (0.002)	−0.006** (0.003)	−0.004 (0.003)
CEO	0.113 (0.074)	0.106 (0.096)	−0.031 (0.143)	−0.089 (0.166)
CSR	0.939*** (0.090)	0.668*** (0.083)	0.931*** (0.137)	1.041*** (0.125)
EMT	0.214** (0.086)	0.295*** (0.085)	1.063*** (0.134)	0.989*** (0.147)
INDEP	0.005*** (0.002)	0.008*** (0.003)	−0.003 (0.003)	0.001 (0.004)
SUST_INC	0.351*** (0.085)	0.280*** (0.070)	0.158 (0.161)	0.110 (0.132)
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	−2.080*** (0.407)	−2.299*** (0.459)	1.073* (0.638)	0.634 (0.616)
Observations	977	977	458	458
R-squared	0.592	0.359	0.462	0.392
Pooled OLS	Yes	No	Yes	No
Random effects	No	Yes	No	Yes

	PANEL A		PANEL B
Variables	(1)	(2)	(1)	(2)
GEND	0.015*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.003)	−0.001 (0.006)	0.005 (0.005)
BMEET	0.024*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.004)	−0.008 (0.006)	−0.005 (0.005)
BSIZE	−0.007 (0.012)	0.029* (0.015)	−0.002 (0.017)	−0.025 (0.021)
SKILLS	−0.009*** (0.002)	−0.007*** (0.002)	−0.006** (0.003)	−0.004 (0.003)
CEO	0.113 (0.074)	0.106 (0.096)	−0.031 (0.143)	−0.089 (0.166)
CSR	0.939*** (0.090)	0.668*** (0.083)	0.931*** (0.137)	1.041*** (0.125)
EMT	0.214** (0.086)	0.295*** (0.085)	1.063*** (0.134)	0.989*** (0.147)
INDEP	0.005*** (0.002)	0.008*** (0.003)	−0.003 (0.003)	0.001 (0.004)
SUST_INC	0.351*** (0.085)	0.280*** (0.070)	0.158 (0.161)	0.110 (0.132)
Controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	−2.080*** (0.407)	−2.299*** (0.459)	1.073* (0.638)	0.634 (0.616)
Observations	977	977	458	458
R-squared	0.592	0.359	0.462	0.392
Pooled OLS	Yes	No	Yes	No
Random effects	No	Yes	No	Yes

Note(s):

This table provides the estimates of the pooled OLS and random-effect regressions for 2011–2022. The global sample is split into two subsamples of listed insurance companies from developed countries (154 companies) and developing countries (98 companies). The dependent variable of interest is the eco-innovation Index. Variables definitions are provided in Table 3. Robust standard errors (SE) are reported in parentheses. ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05 and *p < 0.10

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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