CO2 emissions used in the calculations
| Source of CO2 emission | Reference | Unit | kg CO2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hauling of earth materials and geosynthetics with 16–32 metric ton lorry | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | ton-km | 0.172 |
| Unit weight of stone column and GEC fill material | — | ton/m3 | 1.7 |
| Diesel burned in construction machine | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | Liter | 3.34 |
| Crushed stone production (limestone was used as typical source) | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | ton | 4.84 |
| GEC installation (0.8 m diameter) | Based on project experience | m | 5.50 |
| Stone column installation (0.8 m diameter) | Based on experience by KASKTAS A.S. | m | 5.50 |
| Geosynthetic (for horizontal reinforcement and column encasement-PET) | EPD | kg | 4,63 |
| Hauling of earth materials and geosynthetics with 16–32 metric ton lorry | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | ton-km | 0.172 |
| Unit weight of stone column and GEC fill material | — | ton/m3 | 1.7 |
| Diesel burned in construction machine | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | Liter | 3.34 |
| Crushed stone production (limestone was used as typical source) | Ecoinvent Centre. (2024) | ton | 4.84 |
| GEC installation (0.8 m diameter) | Based on project experience | m | 5.50 |
| Stone column installation (0.8 m diameter) | Based on experience by KASKTAS A.S. | m | 5.50 |
| Geosynthetic (for horizontal reinforcement and column encasement-PET) | EPD | kg | 4,63 |
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